Meta‐regression of COVID‐19 prevalence/fatality on socioeconomic characteristics of data from top 50 U.S. large cities

Takagi, Hisato; Kuno, Toshiki; Yokoyama, Yujiro; Ueyama, Hiroki; Matsushiro, Takuya; Hari, Yosuke; Ando, Tomo

doi:10.1002/jmv.26335

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Association between socioeconomic characteristics, such as median income and unemployment rate, and COVID-19 deaths, was insignificant or contradicting in several previous studies [23,55,56]. We hypothesized that the concomitant effects of several low-socioeconomic characteristics among a higher proportion of the population residing in a neighborhood could have a synergic negative effect on COVID-19 outcomes compared to the presence of a single sporadic low-SES indicator among a lower proportion of the population in a neighborhood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Socioeconomic and Racial Segregation and COVID-19: Concentrated Disadvantage and Black Concentration in Association with COVID-19 Deaths in the USA

Khanijahani

Tomassoni

2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Introduction This study's objective was to examine the association of the percentage of county population residing in concentrated disadvantage and Black-concentrated census tracts with county-level confirmed COVID-19 deaths in the USA, concentrated disadvantage and Black concentration at census tract-level measure socioeconomic segregation and racial segregation, respectively. Methods We performed secondary data analysis using tract (N = 73,056) and county (N = 3142) level data from the US Census Bureau and other sources for the USA. Confirmed COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population was our outcome measure. We performed mixed-effect negative binomial regression to examine the association of county population's percentage residing in concentrated disadvantage and Black-concentrated tracts with COVID-19 deaths while controlling for several other characteristics. Results For every 10% increase in the percentage of county population residing in concentrated disadvantage and Black-concentrated tracts, the rate for confirmed COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population increases by a factor of 1.14 (mortality rate ratio [MMR] = 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.11, 1.18) and 1.11 (MMR = 1.11; 95% CI:1.08, 1.14), respectively. These relations stayed significant in all models in further sensitivity analyses. Moreover, a joint increase in the percentage of county population residing in racial and socioeconomic segregation was associated with a much greater increase in COVID-19 deaths. Conclusions It appears that people living in socioeconomically and racially segregated neighborhoods may be disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 deaths. Future multilevel and longitudinal studies with data at both individual and aggregated tract level can help isolate the potential impacts of the individual-level characteristics and neighborhood-level socioeconomic and racial segregation with more precision and confidence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Socioeconomic and Racial Segregation and COVID-19: Concentrated Disadvantage and Black Concentration in Association with COVID-19 Deaths in the USA

Khanijahani

Tomassoni

2021

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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“…48 A study comparing the 50 largest American cities found that a number of socioeconomic factors, among which being unmarried, not having a computer, and being unemployed were associated with COVID-19 prevalence and/or fatality at the community level. 49 Moreover, a study at the zip-code level in New York City reported noticeable disparities in the COVID-19 rates according to area-income levels. 50 Furthermore, the differentials in contagion in the US between different ethnic groups raised public concern in the country, 51 drawing attention to the possible effects of situations of marginality and disadvantage for the most vulnerable groups, such as African Americans and Hispanics.…”

Section: Findings and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of Individual Characteristics and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Provinces of Milan and Lodi

Consolazio

Murtas²,

Tùnesi³

et al. 2021

Int J Health Serv

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Social inequalities in health are known to be influenced by the socioeconomic status of the territory in which people live. In the context of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this study is aimed at assessing the role of 5 area-level indicators in shaping the risk of contagion in the provinces of Milan and Lodi (Lombardy, Italy), namely: educational disadvantage, unemployment, housing crowding, mobility, and population density. The study area includes the municipalities at the origin of the first Italian epidemic outbreak. Data on COVID-19 patients from the Integrated Datawarehouse for COVID Analysis in Milan were used and matched with aggregate-level data from the National Institute of Statistics Italy (Istat). Multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between the census block-level predictors and COVID-19 infection, independently of age, sex, country of birth, and preexisting health conditions. All the variables were significantly associated with the outcome, with different effects before and after the lockdown and according to the province of residence. This suggests a pattern of socioeconomic inequalities in the outbreak, which should be taken into account in the eventuality of future epidemics to contain their spread and its related disparities.

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“…Due to the particular characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is mainly transmitted through face-to-face contacts [10] and whose bare transmission mechanism does not depend heavily on other pre-existing medical conditions, the substantially higher rates of COVID-19 infections registered among African American communities by different recent studies [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] are more than just unusual. Some studies have confirmed that lower income and poorer access to healthcare facilities might have a role in determining an infection gap, but these factors alone seem insufficient to completely explain the observed differences [19][20][21][22][23]. The established connection between healthrelated disparities and residential segregation points to ethnic segregation, i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion segregation and the disproportionate incidence of COVID-19 in African American communities

Bassolas

Sousa

Nicosia

2021

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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One of the most concerning aspects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is that it disproportionately affects people from some specific ethnic and socio-economic minorities. In particular, since from the beginning of the pandemic it has been clear that people from Black and African American backgrounds seem to be hit especially hard by the virus, creating a substantial infection gap. The observed abnormal impact on these ethnic groups could probably be due to the co-occurrence of other known risk factors, including co-morbidity, poverty, level of education, access to healthcare, residential segregation and response to cures, although those factors do not seem able to explain fully and in depth the excess incidence of infections and deaths among African Americans. Here, we introduce the concept of diffusion segregation, that is the extent to which a given group of people is internally clustered or exposed to other groups, as a result of mobility and commuting habits. By analysing census and mobility data on major US cities, we found that the weekly excess COVID-19 incidence and mortality in African American communities at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic is significantly associated with their level of diffusion segregation. The results confirm that knowing where people commute to, rather than where they live, is potentially much more important to contain and curb the spreading of infectious diseases.

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Meta‐regression of COVID‐19 prevalence/fatality on socioeconomic characteristics of data from top 50 U.S. large cities

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Socioeconomic and Racial Segregation and COVID-19: Concentrated Disadvantage and Black Concentration in Association with COVID-19 Deaths in the USA

Socioeconomic and Racial Segregation and COVID-19: Concentrated Disadvantage and Black Concentration in Association with COVID-19 Deaths in the USA

Assessing the Impact of Individual Characteristics and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Provinces of Milan and Lodi

Diffusion segregation and the disproportionate incidence of COVID-19 in African American communities

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