Meta-analytic evidence of elevated choline, reduced N-acetylaspartate, and normal creatine in schizophrenia and their moderation by measurement quality, echo time, and medication status

Yang, Yvonne S.; Smucny, Jason; Zhang, Huailin; Maddock, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103461

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 167 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…In the body, the systemic and local concentration of choline varies depending on the organ in which it is measured and the physical status of the person. In healthy adults, the concentration of choline in plasma ranges from 7 to 20 µM [83], whereas that of sick people is usually high [84][85][86] or very low [87]. The desensitizing concentration of choline reported for neuronal α7-nAChR in rats is at concentrations above 10 µM [80,88].…”

Section: Experimental Challenges In Testing the Cholinergic Anti-infl...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages

Roa-Vidal,

Rodríguez-Aponte,

Lasalde-Dominicci

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Macrophages serve as vital defenders, protecting the body by exhibiting remarkable cellular adaptability in response to invading pathogens and various stimuli. These cells express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with the α7-nAChR being extensively studied due to its involvement in activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Activation of this pathway plays a crucial role in suppressing macrophages’ production of proinflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating excessive inflammation and maintaining host homeostasis. Macrophage polarization, which occurs in response to specific pathogens or insults, is a process that has received limited attention concerning the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the contributions of the α7-nAChR in this context. This review aims to present evidence highlighting how the cholinergic constituents in macrophages, led by the α7-nAChR, facilitate the polarization of macrophages towards anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Additionally, we explore the influence of viral infections on macrophage inflammatory phenotypes, taking into account cholinergic mechanisms. We also review the current understanding of macrophage polarization in response to these infections. Finally, we provide insights into the relatively unexplored partial duplication of the α7-nAChR, known as dup α7, which is emerging as a significant factor in macrophage polarization and inflammation scenarios.

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