Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming

Harvey, Ben P.; Gwynn‐Jones, Dylan; Moore, Pippa J.

doi:10.1002/ece3.728

Cited by 100 publications

(170 citation statements)

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“…We report results of the first meta‐analysis investigating paired differences in responses of study organisms to climate change stressors across their life stages from embryos to adults and also the first meta‐analysis to consider life stage differences in responses to hypoxia. The robustness of our findings is also supported by consistency with a prior meta‐analysis (using an ‘unpaired’ approach), which demonstrated that younger life stages of marine invertebrates were more negatively affected by warming than older life stages (Harvey et al ). More specifically, our results suggest that tolerance tends to increase as organisms progress through their life stages (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…More specifically, our results suggest that tolerance tends to increase as organisms progress through their life stages (Fig. a–c; also see Dupont et al , Kroeker et al , , Harvey et al ). Kroeker et al (, ) have also reported negative, yet variable, effects of acidification.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…To date, there is no clear consensus on how sensitivity to climate extremes may differ across life stages of marine invertebrates (Russell et al , Kroeker et al , Cripps et al ). The current literature both provides support for (Byrne , Harvey et al ) and against (Brunetti et al , Tangwancharoen and Burton , Przeslawski et al ) the hypothesis that younger life stages of marine invertebrates are more sensitive to climate change stressors than older stages, while others highlight inconsistencies among responses (Kroeker et al , ). Resolving this question has direct implications for predicting whether populations will persist versus go extinct under future climate change, as population growth rates of many ectotherms are related to environmental conditions such as temperature (Pepin , 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

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The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates

Pandori

Sorte

2018

Oikos

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Predicting the effects of climate change on Earth's biota becomes even more challenging when acknowledging that most species have life cycles consisting of multiple stages, each of which may respond differently to extreme environmental conditions. There is currently no clear consensus regarding which stages are most susceptible to increasing environmental stress, or ‘climate extremes’. We used a meta‐analytic approach to quantify variation in responses to environmental stress across multiple life stages of marine invertebrates. We identified 287 experiments in 29 papers which examined the lethal thresholds of multiple life stages (embryo, larva, juvenile and adult) of both holoplanktonic and meroplanktonic marine invertebrates subjected to the same experimental conditions of warming, acidification and hypoxia stress. Most studies considered short acute exposure to stressors. We calculated effect sizes (log response ratio) for each life stage (unpaired analysis) and the difference in effect sizes between stages of each species (paired analysis) included in each experiment. In the unpaired analysis, all significant responses were negative, indicating that warming, acidification and hypoxia tended to increase mortality. Furthermore, embryos, larvae and juveniles were more negatively affected by warming than adults. The paired analysis revealed that, when subjected to the same experimental conditions, younger life stages were more negatively affected by warming than older life stages, specifically among pairings of adults versus juveniles and larvae versus embryos. Although responses to warming are well documented, few studies of the effects of acidification and hypoxia met the criteria for inclusion in our analyses. Our results suggest that while most life stages will be negatively affected by climate change, younger stages of marine invertebrates are more sensitive to extreme heating events.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 51%

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The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates

Pandori

Sorte

2018

Oikos

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“…While such effects are reported for a wide range of species, the impacts of acidification on molluscan shells vary considerably across species and life stages (Gazeau et al . ; Harvey, Gwynn‐Jones & Moore ; Kroeker et al . ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extreme ocean acidification reduces the susceptibility of eastern oyster shells to a polydorid parasite

Clements

Bourque

McLaughlin

et al. 2017

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Ocean acidification poses a threat to marine organisms. While the physiological and behavioural effects of ocean acidification have received much attention, the effects of acidification on the susceptibility of farmed shellfish to parasitic infections are poorly understood. Here we describe the effects of moderate (pH 7.5) and extreme (pH 7.0) ocean acidification on the susceptibility of Crassostrea virginica shells to infection by a parasitic polydorid, Polydora websteri. Under laboratory conditions, shells were exposed to three pH treatments (7.0, 7.5 and 8.0) for 3- and 5-week periods. Treated shells were subsequently transferred to an oyster aquaculture site (which had recently reported an outbreak of P. websteri) for 50 days to test for effects of pH and exposure time on P. websteri recruitment to oyster shells. Results indicated that pH and exposure time did not affect the length, width or weight of the shells. Interestingly, P. websteri counts were significantly lower under extreme (pH 7.0; ~50% reduction), but not moderate (pH 7.5; ~20% reduction) acidification levels; exposure time had no effect. This study suggests that extreme levels - but not current and projected near-future levels - of acidification (∆pH ~1 unit) can reduce the susceptibility of eastern oyster shells to P. websteri infections.

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“…The increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC = CO 2 + HCO 3 − + CO 3 2− ) and decrease in pH affect calcifying organisms in a variety of ways. In a meta‐analysis of 107 studies that measured biological response of marine organisms including mollusks and corals to acidification and/or warming, overall, calcification, reproduction, and survival were negatively affected by acidification and were more negatively affected by the combined effects of acidification and warming (Harvey et al ). In another meta‐analysis of 23 studies of acidification effects on planktonic coccolithophores, calcification rates decreased overall with increasing acidity in two prolific species, but there was some variation in response depending on the species and strain studied (Meyer and Riebesell ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong effects of elevated CO₂ on freshwater microalgae and ecosystem chemistry

Brown

Lajeunesse

Scott

2019

Limnology & Oceanography

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The carbonate chemistry of freshwater systems can range from inorganic carbon‐limited to supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere, and the pH of these systems can vary temporally and spatially from alkaline to acidic. Determining how these heterogeneous systems respond to increases in atmospheric CO2 is critical to understanding global impacts of these changes. Here, we synthesize 22 studies from a variety of systems to explore the effects of elevated CO2 on freshwater chemistry and microalgae, which form the base of autotrophic food webs. Across the variability in freshwater systems, elevated CO2 significantly affected water chemistry by decreasing pH and increasing dissolved inorganic carbon. Microalgae were also affected by elevated CO2 with measured increases in (1) nutrient acquisition through microalgal carbon‐to‐nutrient ratios, (2) photosynthetic activity, and (3) growth. While these effects were measured from controlled experiments, the results indicate a wide range of potential freshwater ecosystem effects from elevated atmospheric CO2. Our synthesis also identified several knowledge gaps. Generally, larger sample sizes and studies of longer duration are needed for more robust analyses and conclusions. Additionally, more field experiments across a range of freshwater ecosystem types and studies involving benthic species and multiple trophic levels are needed to strengthen global predictions across the broad variability found within and among freshwater systems.

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Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming

Cited by 100 publications

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The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates

The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates

Extreme ocean acidification reduces the susceptibility of eastern oyster shells to a polydorid parasite

Strong effects of elevated CO₂ on freshwater microalgae and ecosystem chemistry

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Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming

Cited by 100 publications

References 0 publications

The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates

The weakest link: sensitivity to climate extremes across life stages of marine invertebrates

Extreme ocean acidification reduces the susceptibility of eastern oyster shells to a polydorid parasite

Strong effects of elevated CO2 on freshwater microalgae and ecosystem chemistry

Contact Info

Product

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Strong effects of elevated CO₂ on freshwater microalgae and ecosystem chemistry