Meta-analysis on the Market Development of Electrified Vehicles

Lithium-ion battery cell formation: status and future directions towards a knowledge-based process design

“…The procedure may vary depending on the cell format and size. 119,120 A possible procedure, applicable to hardcase cell formats and high-quality requirements, e.g. for the automotive industry, is described below.…”

“…4,119 The ageing test alone can take up to three weeks. 12,17,119 For application with low quality requirements, formation procedures are significantly shorter. 13,122,124 Once the formation procedure is complete, further EOL testing is performed.…”

“…63 In smaller cells, gas generation is uncritical, and formation can be performed in a sealed cell. 119 In larger cells, gas bubbles interfere with the formation process by blocking Li-ion transport and interfering with electrolyte contact with the electrode surfaces, 135,357,358 necessitating gas venting. 119,120 In industry various gas venting methods are applied.…”

“…119 In larger cells, gas bubbles interfere with the formation process by blocking Li-ion transport and interfering with electrolyte contact with the electrode surfaces, 135,357,358 necessitating gas venting. 119,120 In industry various gas venting methods are applied. [359][360][361][362] The procedure may differ depending on the cell format.…”

“…363,364 Pouch cell formats and occasionally hard case formats can be sealed, then opened and sealed again. 12,119,365,366 In addition to the effect of cell format, there are also geometric differences between the cell types used in formation studies. In most commercial cells, the negative electrode is larger than the positive electrode, known as negative electrode overhang.…”