Meta‐analysis of racial disparities in survival in association with socioeconomic status among men and women with colon cancer

Abstract

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) often experience acute pulmonary exacerbations (APE) and may be treated with a wide variety of intravenous antibiotics. The aim of this review is to provide an evidence‐based summary of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD), tolerability, and efficacy studies utilizing the intravenous (IV) polymixin antibiotic colistimethate sodium (CMS) in the treatment of APE and to identify areas where further study is warranted. Currently, there is not an international standard on the labeling of CMS products. As a result, this has lead to confusion in the interpretation of the literature with respect to efficacy, tolerance, and optimal dosing strategy. The dosing ranges of IV CMS from the literature are 5.3–12.9 mg/kg/day, maximum 480 mg per day for 60 kg patient (Colomycin® injection‐European product) and 8–21.3 mg/kg/day, maximum 800 mg per day for 60 kg patient (Coly‐Mycin M® parenteral‐US product).The literature supports a CMS dose of 8 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hr (maximum 480 mg/day) for the treatment of APE secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The maximum recommended CMS dose of 480 mg/day is less than is recommended by the FDA‐approved and CFF dosing guidelines but in agreement with UK CF Trust Antibiotic Working Group recommendations. There is debate over the frequency of CMS administration (once daily vs. thrice‐daily) and its impact on resistance and clinical efficacy. Further study is needed to determine the tolerability and efficacy of extended‐interval dosing of CMS in the treatment of APE. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1–7. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Increased racial differences on breast cancer care and survival in America: historical evidence consistent with a health insurance hypothesis, 1975–2001

“…Such racial/ethnic disadvantage was particularly pronounced among younger women who were much more likely to be inadequately insured. These findings are consistent with well established socioeconomic-dependent associations of being uninsured with lack of access to best treatments and with consequent poorer survival [29, [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]. In fact, notwithstanding the often great indirect costs of cancer, direct cancer care costs have far outfaced costs of living and of treating most other health conditions [62].…”

DNA mismatch repair deficiency and hereditary syndromes in Latino patients with colorectal cancer

“…Compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), Latinos present with CRC at an earlier age, are 20-40% more likely to present with advanced disease, and have 20-30% increased stage-specific mortality 2-8 . The reasons for such disparities are incompletely understood and may partly reflect different biology, treatment and surveillance patterns 9, 10 . Importantly, the contribution of hereditary syndromes to outcome inequalities remains incompletely understood.…”

Nonbiological factors affecting survival in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia

“…18 However, to the best of our knowledge, none of these models have integrated nonbiological factors (NBFs) such as employment, education, income, health insurance, and marital status, which may affect how one accesses and interacts with health care and, ultimately, clinical outcomes. These factors have been individually studied in more common cancers [19][20][21][22][23][24] and to a lesser extent in adult patients with AML, [25][26][27] in whom their combined impact is to the best of our knowledge unknown.…”