Meta-analysis and Open-source Database for In Vivo Brain Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Health and Disease

Abstract

Proton (1H) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive tool capable of quantifying brain metabolite concentrations in vivo. In the last decade, the field has made substantial methodological progress. Standardization and accessibility have been particularly prioritized, leading to the development of universal pulse sequences, methodological consensus recommendations, and the development of open-source analysis software packages. This review article summarizes progress over the last decade. One remaining challenge is methodological validation with ground-truth data. Therefore, in addition to reviewing progress, we have conducted a meta-analysis of physiological concentration ranges and relaxation rates of brain metabolites by developing a database summarizing nearly 500 peer-reviewed spectroscopy manuscripts. Expectation values for metabolite concentrations and T2 relaxation times are established based upon a meta-analyses of healthy and diseased brains.

Glutamate Dysregulation in Cingulated Cortices Is Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder Traits

“…In this sense, the evidence suggests that an imbalance in glutamatergic metabolism and its products is linked to pathophysiological changes in ASD [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The interest in the different resonance magnetic modalities highlights specific brain areas such as the involvement of the ACC, and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in ASD symptoms, specifically magnetic resonance spectroscopy which relates cingulated cortices dysfunction to deficits in joint attention and social skills in ASD [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Increasing of these, neuropathology advances [22][23][24][25][26][27], structural MRI [28][29][30][31][32], fMRI [33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40], PET [41,42], and SPECT [43,44], including EEG-evoked potentials [45][46][47]…”