Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia

Dickson, Hannah; Laurens, Kristin R.; Cullen, Alexis E.; Hodgins, Sheilagh

doi:10.1017/s0033291711001693

Cited by 176 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(242 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with a large prior literature, [1][2][3][4] we found a strong inverse association that was of similar magnitude in males and females, and considerably stronger in those with below than above average SA. Congruent with prior results from a Finnish cohort 5 but not from our prior study with IQ assessed at age 18, 6 we found a modestly increased risk for SZ in those with very high SA that was marginally significant.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…A series of meta-analyses have convincingly shown that cognitive ability is inversely related to risk for future schizophrenia (SZ) onsets [1][2][3][4] although a question remains whether this relationship holds at the highest levels of cognitive performance. 3,5,6 The association between cognitive functioning and risk for bipolar illness (BPI) is less consistent, [7][8][9][10] with some evidence that higher cognitive functioning is associated with elevated risk.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A Swedish National Prospective and Co-relative Study of School Achievement at Age 16, and Risk for Schizophrenia, Other Nonaffective Psychosis, and Bipolar Illness

Kendler¹,

Mezuk

Sundquist

et al. 2015

SCHBUL

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While cognitive ability is inversely associated with risk for schizophrenia (SZ), the association is less clear with other nonaffective psychoses (ONAP) and bipolar illness (BPI). Using national Swedish hospital registry dataThe association between SA and risk was stronger in the lower vs the higher ranges of SA. In most analyses, moderate increases in risk were observed at the highest levels of SA, with the strongest evidence for females and risk of ONAP. Co-relative control analyses indicated that common genetic or familial-environmental effects only marginally confounded these associations. Consistent with prior studies, these results have 3 major implications for neurodevelopmental models: (1) adolescent cognitive deficits that increase risk are not the result of prodromal changes,( 2) individual specific environmental exposures are largely responsible for the association between low SA and psychosis risk, and (3) neurodevelopmental disturbances (as indicated by low SA) are not unique to SZ but also occur in ONAP and to a lesser degree BPI.Key words: Cognitive ability/school performance/ schizophrenia/bipolar illness/other nonaffective psychoses/prospective risk/co-relative control analysis A series of meta-analyses have convincingly shown that cognitive ability is inversely related to risk for future schizophrenia (SZ) onsets 1-4 although a question remains whether this relationship holds at the highest levels of cognitive performance. 3,5,6 The association between cognitive functioning and risk for bipolar illness (BPI) is less consistent, 7-10 with some evidence that higher cognitive functioning is associated with elevated risk. 10,11 The relationship between cognitive performance and risk for other nonaffective psychosis (ONAP) has been less studied but extant research suggests that it resembles the relationship seen for SZ. 9,12 In our prior study of cognitive ability indexed by IQ, IQ obtained at military conscription at age 18-20 had a strong and monotonic inverse relationship with risk for onset of SZ in Swedish males.6 Co-relative analyses suggested that the IQ-SZ relationship was not due to genetic or environmental familial risk factors that predisposed both to low IQ and SZ. While some prior reports, including a Finnish longitudinal study, found enrichment for cases of SZ among those with the highest level of cognitive functioning (indicating an inverted J-shaped relationship between performance and SZ risk), 3,5 we found no evidence that high IQ is associated with increased risk for SZ. However, our study was unable to investigate this relationship at the highest end of the IQ distribution because the highest performing group in our study had a mean IQ of 129, slightly less than 2 standard deviations above the mean.In the present study, we had access to a measure of aggregate school achievement (SA) at age 16 in a nearly complete sample of native Swedish children of both sexes born between 1972 and 1990 (n = 1 800 643). While substantially correlated, SA is not identical to IQ and has Downloaded ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Swedish National Prospective and Co-relative Study of School Achievement at Age 16, and Risk for Schizophrenia, Other Nonaffective Psychosis, and Bipolar Illness

Kendler¹,

Mezuk

Sundquist

et al. 2015

SCHBUL

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“…This strategy was employed given the known association between IQ and brain structure, 23 despite evidence that ASz children are characterized by significantly lower IQ scores than their TD peers, 20 as are children who later develop schizophrenia. 59 A third limitation, not unique to this study, concerns potentially inaccurate localization of SPM spatial coordinates. Due to differences in brain structure between adults and children, standard neuroimaging analysis techniques may be less appropriate for paediatric samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Temporal Lobe Volume Abnormalities Precede the Prodrome: A Study of Children Presenting Antecedents of Schizophrenia

Cullen¹,

Brito²,

Gregory³

et al. 2012

Schizophrenia Bulletin

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Distributed abnormalities of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume characterize individuals experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia. Regions of abnormality are present already, albeit less extensively, during the prodromal phase of illness. This study aimed to determine whether putatively at-risk children, aged 9-12 years, who present multiple antecedents of schizophrenia (ASz), display GM and WM volume abnormalities relative to typically developing (TD) children presenting no antecedents. Structural magnetic resonance images were acquired for 20 ASz children and 20 TD children matched on age, sex, and IQ. Whole-brain differences in GM and WM volume were determined using voxel-based morphometry. Relative to the TD group, ASz children showed significantly decreased GM volume in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and increased GM volume in the left superior-middle temporal gyri (P < 0.05, cluster correction). WM volume was significantly increased in ASz children relative to TD children in a cluster encompassing the left inferior parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and superior temporal gyrus. Post-hoc analyses indicated that these abnormalities were not limited to ASz children who selfreported auditory hallucinations on questionnaire. Our findings suggest that children aged 9-12 years who present multiple ASz are characterized by abnormalities of GM and WM volume in the temporal lobes, comprising a subset of the regions affected in first-episode schizophrenia and in the prodromal phase of illness. These preliminary findings indicate that structural brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia may be detected in putatively at-risk, preprodromal children. Prospective studies following the brain development of at-risk children are needed.

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“…Besides, some researches show that premorbid functioning of persons later diagnosed with schizophrenia is inferior to the functioning of persons without schizophrenia. Deficits in intelligence quotient and motor skills (Dickson et al 2012) are found before age of 16 in children who will later develop schizophrenia as well as weaker academic achievements (Bilder et al 2006), as early as first grade, compared to children that don't develop schizophrenia. Some authors found that even offsprings of patients with schizophrenia have weaker school achievements compared to offsprings of persons without schizophrenia (Jundong et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of Life of Persons Suffering From Schizophrenia, Psoriasis and Physical Disabilities

et al. 2017

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Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia

Abstract: These results demonstrate that deficits in IQ and motor performance precede the prodrome and the onset of illness.

Cited by 176 publications

References 75 publications

A Swedish National Prospective and Co-relative Study of School Achievement at Age 16, and Risk for Schizophrenia, Other Nonaffective Psychosis, and Bipolar Illness

A Swedish National Prospective and Co-relative Study of School Achievement at Age 16, and Risk for Schizophrenia, Other Nonaffective Psychosis, and Bipolar Illness

Temporal Lobe Volume Abnormalities Precede the Prodrome: A Study of Children Presenting Antecedents of Schizophrenia

Quality of Life of Persons Suffering From Schizophrenia, Psoriasis and Physical Disabilities

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