The MESSENGER spacecraft, designed to orbit the planet Mercury, uses the first electronically scanned phasedarray antenna for a deep-space telecommunication application. Two lightweight phased arrays, mounted on opposite sides of the spacecraft, provide the high-gain downlink coverage. Mediumgain antennas are used for uplink and downlink during cruise phase. The invention of a method for achieving circular polarization in a high-temperature (+3000 C) environment has doubled the science return of the mission relative to the inherent linear polarization from a slotted waveguide array. Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits and discrete Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors are integrated to provide the highefficiency X-band Solid-State Power Amplifier.Index Terms -Microwave power amplifiers, phased arrays, scanning antennas.