Mesozoic (Lower Jurassic) red stromatactis limestones from the Southern Alps (Arzo, Switzerland): calcite mineral authigenesis and syneresis-type deformation

Neuweiler, Fritz; Bernoulli, Daniel

doi:10.1007/s00531-004-0442-3

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…At the same time, however, tissue oxidation, carbonate dissolution, and mechanical collapse have produced seemingly unsupported voids (Figs. 3A and 3B) that in some cases developed into stromatactis (Bourque and Boulvain, 1993;Neuweiler and Bernoulli, 2005).…”

Section: Spheciospongia C: Clusters Of Newly Formed Aragonite (Xx) Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Neoproterozoic origin of the metazoan clade recorded in carbonate rock texture

Neuweiler

Turner

Burdige

2009

Geology

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Early Neoproterozoic reefs (older than 779, younger than 1083 Ma) contain a carbonate rock texture, already familiar from sponge-rich Phanerozoic limestones, characterized by authigenic Ca carbonate and irregular, secondary voids containing internal sediment (polymud fabric). In Holocene sediment, this texture develops by calcifi cation of degrading extracellular collagenous matrix (ECM) of siliceous sponges. ECM calcifi cation of siliceous sponges is evident throughout the Phanerozoic, and the related polymud fabric is a diagnostic petrographic feature of Phanerozoic sponge-rich carbonate mudmounds. The authigenic Ca carbonate of polymuds is interpreted to result from connective tissue calcifi cation just beneath the seafl oor, that, in a kind of taphonomic race, takes place at the same time as tissue oxidation and associated void formation. It is intriguing that ECM is a fundamental character of the metazoan clade, and so the presence in Early Neoproterozoic rocks of a texture directly associated with it implies the existence of metazoan-grade organisms at that time. This observation pushes back the earliest geological evidence for animals by about 200 m.y. The timing corroborates results of an integrated phylochronology and supports the concept of a biosphere that persisted through the snowball Earth interval.

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Section: Spheciospongia C: Clusters Of Newly Formed Aragonite (Xx) Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Neoproterozoic origin of the metazoan clade recorded in carbonate rock texture

Neuweiler

Turner

Burdige

2009

Geology

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“…5g). The presence of corals and crinoids suggests deposition on a paleohigh probably within the photic zone (the paleodepth can be compared with that of the Broccatello; Neuweiler & Bernoulli, 2005). At Invorio, poorly sorted, clast‐supported angular breccias (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratigraphic evolution of the Triassic–Jurassic succession in the Western Southern Alps (Italy): the record of the two‐stage rifting on the distal passive margin of Adria

et al. 2009

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The Triassic–Lower Jurassic succession of the Southern Alps is characterized by rapid thickness changes, from an average of about 5000 m east of Lago Maggiore to about 500 m in the Western Southern Alps. The stratigraphy reflects the Triassic evolution of the Tethyan Gulf and the Early Jurassic rifting responsible for the Middle Jurassic break‐up of Adria from Europe. The succession of the Western Southern Alps starts with Lower Permian volcanics directly covered by Anisian sandstones. The top of the overlying Ladinian dolostones (300 m) records subaerial exposure and karstification. Locally (Gozzano), Upper Sinemurian sediments cover the Permian volcanics, documenting pre‐Sinemurian erosion. New biostratigraphic data indicate a latest Pliensbachian–Toarcian age for the Jurassic synrift deposits that unconformably cover Ladinian or Sinemurian sediments. Therefore, in the Western Southern Alps, the major rifting stage that directly evolved into the opening of the Penninic Ocean began in the latest Pliensbachian–Toarcian. New data allowed us to refine the evolution of the two previously recognized Jurassic extensional events in the Southern Alps. The youngest extensional event (Western Southern Alps) occurred as tectonic activity decreased in the Lombardy Basin. During the Sinemurian the Gozzano high represents the western shoulder of a rift basin located to the east (Lombardy). This evolution documents a transition from diffuse early rifting (Late Hettangian–Sinemurian), controlled by older discontinuities, to rifting focused along a rift valley close to the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary. This younger rift bridges the gap between the Hettangian–Sinemurian diffuse rifting and the Callovian–Bathonian break‐up. The late Pliensbachian–Toarcian rift, which eventually lead to continental break‐up, is interpreted as the major extensional episode in the evolution of the passive margin of Adria. The transition from diffuse to focused extension in the Southern Alps is comparable to the evolution of the Central Austroalpine during the Early Jurassic and of the Central and Northern Atlantic margins.

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“…and biogenic/organic (recrystallized fossils, decaying organisms, burrowing, etc.). A widely promoted view is that it is due to collapse of loose material in sponges undergoing cementation under the sediment–water interface (Bourque & Gignac, ; Bourque & Boulvain, ; Neuweiler et al., ; Delecat & Reitner, ; Neuweiler & Bernoulli, ; Aubrecht et al., ; Delecat et al., ). The striking contrast between common stromatactis in Palaeozoic mud‐mounds versus their near‐absence in Mesozoic ones may be correlated to the degree of siliceous sponge skeletal rigidity and biological sediment recycling from bioerosion and deposit feeding that resulted in sediment accumulation in the original cavities (Neuweiler et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition and origin of stromatactis‐bearing mud‐mounds (Upper Devonian, Frasnian), southern Rocky Mountains, western Canada

Zhou

Pratt

2019

Sedimentology

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Stromatactis‐bearing mud‐mounds remain an enigmatic reef type despite being common in Palaeozoic ramp settings. Two well preserved Upper Devonian (Frasnian) mud‐mounds in the Mount Hawk Formation crop out side by side in the southern Rocky Mountains of west‐central Alberta and provide an opportunity to develop a new case study that can be compared with the other coeval examples, such as those well‐known ones in southern Belgium, as well as evaluate competing hypotheses for mud‐mound formation. The southern mud‐mound is 46·2 m thick and 38·6 m wide at the base, whilst the northern one is 53·3 m thick and 72·2 m wide at the base, and they exhibit three or four growth stages indicated by interfingering and onlapping geometries with flanking strata. The biota is diverse, but fossils only occupy 10·7% by volume, among which sponge spicules, echinoderms, ostracods, brachiopods and calcimicrobes belonging to Girvanella and Rothpletzella are the most common. Five microfacies are discriminated in the mud‐mounds: biomicrite, clotted micrite, spiculite, stromatolite and laminite, with clotted micrite comprising the largest proportion. There is no internal vertical or lateral palaeoecological zonation, and the presence of calcimicrobes and calcareous algae throughout indicates accretion entirely within the photic zone, in a deeper ramp setting seaward of a large carbonate platform to the east. Stromatactis is abundant and the cavities were mostly due to excavation by currents rather than physical collapse of spiculate siliceous sponges. Formation of lime mud involved a combination of multiple organisms, mechanisms and processes. Cyanobacteria were integral to mud‐mound frame‐building and accretion because they stabilized the surface, often permineralized to form Girvanella and provided organic matter that was decomposed by bacteria. This induced precipitation of micrite, forming early indurated rigid masses, evidenced by the presence of intraclasts, stromatactis cavities, isopachous marine cements, absence of bioturbation and rare synsedimentary brittle deformation. The same microbial components, invertebrate biota and clotted micrite occur in underlying strata, suggesting that there was a protracted period of potential mud‐mound initiation before the exact conditions arose to trigger it. The ramp setting, antecedent sea floor topography and relative sea‐level likely contributed together to control this. This study indicates that mud‐mound formation was controlled by a combination of processes, but they are essentially a microbial buildup.

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Mesozoic (Lower Jurassic) red stromatactis limestones from the Southern Alps (Arzo, Switzerland): calcite mineral authigenesis and syneresis-type deformation

Cited by 20 publications

References 58 publications

Early Neoproterozoic origin of the metazoan clade recorded in carbonate rock texture

Early Neoproterozoic origin of the metazoan clade recorded in carbonate rock texture

Stratigraphic evolution of the Triassic–Jurassic succession in the Western Southern Alps (Italy): the record of the two‐stage rifting on the distal passive margin of Adria

Composition and origin of stromatactis‐bearing mud‐mounds (Upper Devonian, Frasnian), southern Rocky Mountains, western Canada

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