Mesoscopic structure of the Punchbowl Fault, Southern California and the geologic and geophysical structure of active strike-slip faults

Schulz, S.E.; Evans, James P.

doi:10.1016/s0191-8141(00)00019-5

Cited by 137 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(113 reference statements)

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“…Bonson et al 2007;Childs et al 2009;Faulkner et al 2010). Distribution, quantity, and connectivity of different fault components strongly influence permeability and may vary across and along fault strike, and over time (Lunn et al 2008;Petracchini et al 2012;Schulz and Evans 2000;Shipton and Cowie 2001). Processes like fault-segment linkage and interaction explain some of these observed complex fault geometries (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

2016

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This study presents a comparative, field-based hydrogeological characterization of exhumed, inactive fault zones in low-porosity Triassic dolostones and limestones of the Hochschwab massif, a carbonate unit of high economic importance supplying 60 % of the drinking water of Austria's capital, Vienna. Cataclastic rocks and sheared, strongly cemented breccias form low-permeability (<1 mD) domains along faults. Fractured rocks with fracture densities varying by a factor of 10 and fracture porosities varying by a factor of 3, and dilation breccias with average porosities >3 % and permeabilities >1,000 mD form high-permeability domains. With respect to fault-zone architecture and rock content, which is demonstrated to be different for dolostone and limestone, four types of faults are presented. Faults with single-stranded minor fault cores, faults with single-stranded permeable fault cores, and faults with multiple-stranded fault cores are seen as conduits. Faults with single-stranded impermeable fault cores are seen as conduit-barrier systems. Karstic carbonate dissolution occurs along fault cores in limestones and, to a lesser degree, dolostones and creates superposed highpermeability conduits. On a regional scale, faults of a particular deformation event have to be viewed as forming a network of flow conduits directing recharge more or less rapidly towards the water table and the springs. Sections of impermeable fault cores only very locally have the potential to create barriers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

2016

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“…Recently, kilometer-scale compliant damage zones have been identified at several faults in California based on the elastic response to stressing by nearby earthquakes [Fialko et al, 2002;Fialko, 2004]. The widths of these damage zones are significantly greater than the 100 meter wide damage zones commonly identified in field studies [Chester et al, 1993;Schulz and Evans, 2000;Savage and Brodsky, 2011] [Peng and Ben-Zion, 2004]. Although it is well-established that material properties can be affected across ~-km wide regions surrounding mature strike-slip faults, the depth to which wide damage zones extend into the crust is somewhat unclear, and thus far, it has been difficult to image damage zone structure at seismogenic depths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Field studies of mature strike-slip faults on land consistently reveal an internal structure that is zoned [Chester et al, 1993;Schulz and Evans, 2000;Sibson, 2003;Savage and Brodsky, 2011], with a narrow fault core that accommodates strain during earthquakes or fault creep contained within a damage zone that is orders of magnitude wider. The margin of fault-affected material or damage zone has generally been identified as a region with increased fracture density relative to the host rock, formed by brittle deformation during repeated ruptures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake behavior and structure of oceanic transform faults

Roland¹

2012

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Oceanic transform faults that accommodate strain at mid-ocean ridge offsets represent a unique environment for studying fault mechanics. Here, I use seismic observations and models to explore how fault structure affects mechanisms of slip at oceanic transforms. Using teleseismic data, I find that seismic swarms on East Pacific Rise (EPR) transforms exhibit characteristics consistent with the rupture propagation velocity of shallow aseismic creep transients. I also develop new thermal models for the ridge-transform fault environment to estimate the spatial distribution of earthquakes at transforms. Assuming a temperature-dependent rheology, thermal models indicated that a significant amount of slip within the predicted temperature-dependent seismogenic area occurs without producing large-magnitude earthquakes. Using a set of local seismic observations, I consider how along-fault variation in the mechanical behavior may be linked to material properties and fault structure. I use wide-angle refraction data from the Gofar and Quebrada faults on the equatorial EPR to determine the seismic velocity structure, and image wide low-velocity zones at both faults. Evidence for fractured fault zone rocks throughout the crust suggests that unique friction characteristics may influence earthquake behavior. Together, earthquake observations and fault structure provide new information about the controls on fault slip at oceanic transform faults.Thesis Supervisor: Jeffrey J. McGuire Title: Associate Scientist, Department of Geology and Geophysics, WHOI 4 Acknowledgments I have had the good fortune to work with many scientists who have impacted my experience as a graduate student, and the type of science I will do in the future. Firstly, I'd like to thank Jeff McGuire for sharing his enthusiasm for earthquake swarms, giving me access to the most interesting parts of the QDG dataset, and teaching me how to body surf (not to mention, model surface waves). I am indebted to Mark Behn, Greg Hirth, and Dan Lizarralde for imparting their own elegant strategies for approaching geodynamics, rock mechanics, and marine seismology. I'd also like to thank John Collins for his encouragement and useful discussions, and for trusting me to use the deck-box on the Thompson My family and closest family friends provided me with the confidence, energy, and will to keep persisting, especially through the difficult parts of the past half-decade of work this thesis represents. Equally as important, they have helped me to celebrate the triumphant parts, as I know they will continue to do in the future.Casey Saenger, my husband and best friend, deserves credit for keeping me in graduate school. He has served as my sounding board and singer-of-songs throughout the past many years. I dedicated all of the Love waves to him. that do not conform to spatial and temporal moment release patterns typically associated with large "mainshock" earthquakes. As our understanding of these different styles of fault slip improves, earthquake scientists are tasked ...

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“…The highly localized slip zone and surrounding ultracataclasite layer are referred to as the ''core'' of the fault zone. This fault core is typically parallel to the macroscopic slip vector and is surrounded by a cataclasite layer which is a few meters thick (e.g., CHESTER and CHESTER, 1998;SCHULZ and EVANS, 2000). The damage zone (DZ) around the fault core typically consists of a zone of intense damage, and possibly pulverized rocks, with a width of a few hundred meters (DOR et al, 2006(DOR et al, , 2008, which is surrounded by a broader, several kilometers wide zone, of distributed damage.…”

Section: Geological and Geophysical Observations Of Fault Zone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology

Finzi

Hearn

Ben‐Zion

et al. 2009

Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones

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Abstract-We present results on evolving geometrical and material properties of large strike-slip fault zones and associated deformation fields, using 3-D numerical simulations in a rheologically-layered model with a seismogenic upper crust governed by a continuum brittle damage framework over a viscoelastic substrate. The damage healing parameters we employ are constrained using results of test models and geophysical observations of healing along active faults. The model simulations exhibit several results that are likely to have general applicability. The fault zones form initially as complex segmented structures and evolve overall with continuing deformation toward contiguous, simpler structures. Along relatively-straight mature segments, the models produce flower structures with depth consisting of a broad damage zone in the top few kilometers of the crust and highly localized damage at depth. The flower structures form during an early evolutionary stage of the fault system (before a total offset of about 0.05 to 0.1 km has accumulated), and persist as continued deformation localizes further along narrow slip zones. The tectonic strain at seismogenic depths is concentrated along the highly damaged cores of the main fault zones, although at shallow depths a small portion of the strain is accommodated over a broader region. This broader domain corresponds to shallow damage (or compliant) zones which have been identified in several seismic and geodetic studies of active faults. The models produce releasing stepovers between fault zone segments that are locations of ongoing interseismic deformation. Material within the fault stepovers remains damaged during the entire earthquake cycle (with significantly reduced rigidity and shearwave velocity) to depths of 10 to 15 km. These persistent damage zones should be detectable by geophysical imaging studies and could have important implications for earthquake dynamics and seismic hazard.

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Mesoscopic structure of the Punchbowl Fault, Southern California and the geologic and geophysical structure of active strike-slip faults

Cited by 137 publications

References 69 publications

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

Hydrogeological properties of fault zones in a karstified carbonate aquifer (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)

Earthquake behavior and structure of oceanic transform faults

Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology

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