Mesoporous zirconium phosphate catalyzed reactions: Synthesis of industrially important chemicals in solvent-free conditions

Zirconium Phosphate Catalysts in the XXI Century: State of the Art from 2010 to Date

“…It is generally prepared by a post-synthesis method in basic conditions, by using a surfactant agent (for example cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), phosphate salts and zirconium oxy-chloride or zirconium alkoxide as zirconium source [23][24][25], followed by calcination, generally at a temperature in the range 400-600 • C.…”

“…Sinhamahapatra et al [23] studied the textural properties like specific surface area and average pore size distribution of m-ZrP materials synthesized in the presence of CTAB by a post-synthesis method, with a phosphate to zirconium molar ratio in the range 0.25-3.0. They found that m-ZrP samples were obtained by using a phosphate to Zr molar ratio in the range of 0.5-2.5: they exhibited similar surface area (391-407 m 2 g −1 ) as well as pore size (2.9-2.8 nm), while the P/Zr molar ratio was in the range 0.42-1.93.…”

“…Mugweru and collaborators prepared a m-ZrP by a post-synthesis method by using CTAB as a cationic pore directing agent, a phosphate to Zr molar ratio = 2, and a calcination temperature of 550 • C [23]. The mesoporous product has a specific surface area of 407 m 2 g −1 , and a narrow pore size in the range 2-3 nm.…”

“…Friedel-Craft reaction (synthesis of aromatic compounds using benzylchloride) [23] Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) [25] Esterification of long chain fatty acids [28] Synthesis of furfural [29] Pechmann condensation (synthesis of coumarins) [30] Aza-Diels Alder reaction [31] Amorphous ZrP 276 Glucose dehydration (synthesis of levulinic acid) [26] Zirconium phosphate/sulfophenylphosphonate 24 Biginelli-type reaction [32,33] ZrP functionalized with γ-propyl mercaptotrimethoxysilane -Baeyer-Villiger reaction (oxidation of cyclohexanone to ε-caprolactone) [34] Zirconium (1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1) diphosphonate 702 Synthesis of ribofuranoside derivative [35] Zirconium phosphate/alkyl (aryl) phosphonate 238 Aza-Diels Alder reaction [36] Zirconium phenylphosphonate/phosphite -Esterification of glycerol or trimethylolpropane with oleic acid [37] Zirconium methyl (phenyl) phosphonate with L-proline pendant groups -Asymmetric aldol addition of p-nitrobenzaldehyde to cyclohexanone [38] Sinhamahapatra et al evaluated the catalytic properties of m-ZrP in the benzylation reaction (Friedel-Craft reaction) of aromatic compounds using benzylchloride as the benzylating agent in solvent free conditions [23]. A 94% conversion of benzylchloride with 100% selectivity for di-phenyl methane in the benzylation of benzene was reached.…”

“…Panda et al immobilized Cr(III) ions on mesoporous ZrP (Cr-mZrP) and evaluated the catalytic activity towards the oxidation of allylic and benzylic compounds to their corresponding carbonyl compounds [39]. Mesoporous ZrP was prepared as previously described by the same authors [23]. Then, a solution of Cr(NO 3 ) 3 was added to the calcined m-ZrP product.…”