Mesoporous Weaved Turbostratic Nanodomains Enable Stable Na⁺ Ion Storage and Micropore Filling is Revealed to be More Unsafe than Adsorption and Deintercalation

Abstract

Advanced wave-shape non-graphitizable carbon sheets are derived, comprising mesoporous weaved turbostratic micropore enabled stable Na + ion storage. The non-graphitizable amorphous characteristics are determined from the obtained two broad diffraction peaks at 22.7°and 43.8°. The observed D-band at 1325 cm −1 and G-band at 1586 cm −1 confirm the disordered graphitic structure, attributed to the measured specific surface area of 54 m 2 g −1 . Mesoporous weaved wave-shape carbon sheet architecture is confirmed by surface morphological studies, showing lattice fringes of disordered graphitic structures and dispersed ring patterns for the non-crystalline characteristics. The predominant stable redox peak at 0.014 V/0.185 V and the broader rectangular shape between 0.9 and 0.15 V depict the adsorption−micropore filling mechanism. The mesoporous hard carbon sheet delivers discharge−charge capacities of 450/311 mAh g −1 (1st cycle) and 263/267 mAh g −1 (250th cycle) at 25 mA g −1 , exhibiting a superior anode for sodium-ion batteries. Besides, in situ multimode calorimetry results disclose that the micropore filling Na + ion storage shows a higher released total heat energy of 721 J g −1 than the adsorption (471 J g −1 ). Ultimately, differential scanning calorimetry analysis of micropore filling Na + ion storage (discharged state at 0.01 V) has revealed a predominant exothermic peak at 156 °C with the highest released total heat energy of 2183 J g −1 compared to adsorption (553 J g −1 ) and deintercalation (85 J g −1 ), indicating that micropore filling status is more unsafe than the adsorption and deintercalation for SIBs.

Graphene triggered catalytic attack on plastic waste produces graphitic shell encapsulation on cobalt nanoparticles for ferromagnetism and stable Li+ ion storage

“…1s†) confirms the reduced micropore-filling characteristics of plastic waste derived Co/C composite materials, in contrast to the hard carbon anode. 60 The measured BET-specific surface area of the plastic waste derived composite materials was 39 m 2 g −1 for Co-GNP-ZipC (green), 19 m 2 g −1 for Co-GNP-FmC (cyan) and 47 m 2 g −1 for pristine Co-GNP, which are almost six times less than the GNP surface area, 292 m 2 g −1 (Fig. S1b†), and close to graphitic carbon and Co metal.…”

“…58,59 However, the decreased angle of the slope and the elevated at plateaus conrm the mesoporous characteristics compared to the micropores, and the observed plateaus closely match with the graphitic N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherm curve. 42,43,60 Furthermore, the absence of strong N 2 adsorption at less than 0.1 relative pressure (Fig. 1s †) conrms the reduced micropore-lling characteristics of plastic waste derived Co/C composite materials, in contrast to the hard carbon anode.…”

In Situ Thermal Safety Aspect of the Electrospun Polyimide-Al2O3 Separator Reveals Less Exothermic Heat Energies Than Polypropylene at the Thermal Runaway Event of Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Accordingly, MMC studies of the layered P2-type NaCoO 2 cathode at the discharge state revealed higher released total heat energies (740 J g –1 ) and decreased onset temperature (141 °C) than charge conditions (550 J g –1 and 191 °C) for an exothermic reaction at the thermal runaway event and showed a discharge state at 2 V unsafe than charge conditions . Furthermore, the MMC studies of the micropore-filling Na + ion mechanism for a mesoporous hard carbon anode showed a higher released total heat energy of 721 J g –1 than adsorption (471 J g –1 ), which revealed micropore-filling Na + ion storage to be unsafe than adsorption . Hence, the in situ MMC technique can be used to study the thermal stability of the PI separator and calculate exothermic released heat energies at the thermal runaway event of LIBs to use in high-power applications and renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and so on.…”

“…31 Furthermore, the MMC studies of the micropore-filling Na + ion mechanism for a mesoporous hard carbon anode showed a higher released total heat energy of 721 J g −1 than adsorption (471 J g −1 ), which revealed micropore-filling Na + ion storage to be unsafe than adsorption. 32 Hence, the in situ MMC technique can be used to study the thermal stability of the PI separator and calculate exothermic released heat energies at the thermal runaway event of LIBs to use in high-power applications and renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and so on. In this study, the PI-Al 2 O 3 membrane was synthesized by an electrospinning technique and the chemical constituents of carbonyl and imide functional groups were characterized.…”