Mesoporous Sulphate Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Controlled Release of Proteins

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to synthesize and characterize the mesoporous nanostructure of Hydroxyapatite (HA), evaluate the impact of the addition of sulphate ions (SO 4 2-) on the microstructure properties of HA, and assess the ability of the prepared materials to be used as a carrier for Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. This study successfully synthesized 0.07 mole of SO 4 2substituted HA using the reflux microwave-assisted wet precipitation method and fully characterized it using modern techniques. In particular, XRD, XPS, Raman, FESEM, and BET techniques were used to explore the microstructure properties of materials. The results shows that the addition of SO 4 2ions amplified the lattice parameters and surface area of HA, and the particles shape was changed from semi-spherical to rod like shape. Adsorption and desorption of protein molecules were evaluated using BSA protein for 24 h at 37 °C. BSA loading capacity and release behaviours were significantly improved with the incorporation of SO 4 2ions. The SO 4 -HA materials hold a promising future for being used as a carrier for protein molecules.

Enhanced magnetic performance and in‐vitro apatite‐forming ability of the CoFe2O4 doped nano‐hydroxyapatite porous bioceramics

“…Normally, HAP has been synthesized from various natural resources (Alshemary et al, 2018; Miecznik et al, 2015), that is, sea‐shells (Vecchio et al, 2007), egg‐shells (Bardhan et al, 2011; Lee & Oh, 2003), coral (Chou et al, 2007; Sivakumar et al, 1996), chicken bone, and fish bone (Pokhrel, 2018). At the same time, it can also be synthesized in the laboratory using mineral‐based chemicals (Alshemary, Hussain, et al, 2022a; Alshemary, Muhammed, et al, 2022b), for example, the wet mechanochemical route with Ca(OH) 2 and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 as the starting materials (Mostafa, 2005), the co‐precipitation from relative salts solutions (Landi et al, 2003; Tadic et al, 2004), and the solid‐state reaction process with Ca(OH) 2 and CaHPO 4 as the starting materials (Chiu et al, 2007). The most frequently encountered crystal structure of the HAP is hexagonal, which has P6 3 / m space group symmetry with lattice parameters of a = b = 9.432 Å, c = 6.881 Å, and γ = 120° (Filip et al, 2022; Ma & Liu, 2009; Sari et al, 2021).…”

“…This ratio is the most stable calcium phosphate salt at normal temperatures. When compared to other bioceramics (i.e., bioglass), the advantage of using HAP as a biomaterial is its chemical similarity to the human bone and tooth inorganic component (Pokhrel, 2018, Alshemary, Hussain, et al, 2022, Alshemary, Muhammed, et al, 2022).…”

“…Moreover, the transition metal ions (Co 2+ and Fe 3+ ) can chelate electron donor atoms, including S, N, O, and from proteins, contributing to the immobilization process (Coutinho et al, 2020). Previous work has also shown that the doping of Co 2+ may play a pivotal role in simultaneously improving the biological properties of the HAP, therefore making it a preferred restorative material in orthopedic surgeries (Alshemary, Hussain, et al, 2022a; Alshemary, Muhammed, et al, 2022b).…”