Mesoporous carbon reinforced hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for the enrichment of phenylurea herbicides followed by their determination with high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

In this paper, a new sample preparation method based on mesoporous carbon reinforced hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction (MC-HF-LPME) was developed for the extraction of some phenylurea herbicides (chlortoluron, isoproturon, monolinuron and buturon) in river water and soil samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection. Mesoporous carbon was synthesized using MCM-41 as a template and sucrose as a carbon precursor. The as-prepared mesoporous carbon was characterized by SEM, TEM and nitrogen adsorption. Several important parameters that affect the extraction efficiencies, such as concentration of ordered porous carbon, fiber length, extraction time, sample solution pH, salt addition and stirring rate, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity for buturon was in the range of 0.3-100.0 ng mL À1 and 5.0-300.0 ng g À1 for river water and soil samples, respectively. The linearity for the other three analytes was in the range of 0.2-100.0 ng mL À1 for the river water sample and 2.0-300.0 ng g À1 for the soil sample. The limits of detection (S/N ¼ 3) of the method ranged from 0.05 to 0.1 ng mL À1 for the river water sample and 0.5 to 1.0 ng g À1 for the soil sample. The results indicated that the developed method is a simple, efficient and environmentally friendly method for the extraction and determination of phenylurea herbicides in river water and soil samples.

Applications of Hollow-Fiber and Related Microextraction Techniques for the Determination of Pesticides in Environmental and Food Samples—A Mini Review

“…A recent review on this technique [15] extensively covered the extraction of organic compounds, but only some of them were pesticides. Likewise, in our review of the literature for the last 10 years, a total of 17 publications [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77] were found in Web of Science in which SBME was applied to pesticide extraction, which is less than for HFME. These applications are presented in Table 3.…”

“…Where different types of samples were analyzed in the same paper, the paper was entered under the most complex sample. It is of interest to note here that several papers preferred to use the name HFME in spite of applying the SBME approach [66][67][68][69][72][73][74][75]77].…”

“…The first was the addition of sorbents, usually in the form of nanoparticles, to the acceptor solution (most often 1-octanol) [66,67,[72][73][74]. The added sorbents were graphene [67,74], octadecylsilica-graphene [72], mesoporous carbon [66], and MWCNT [73]. The addition of a sorbent improved the extraction efficiency, but the disadvantage was the need to desorb the analytes after extraction, using a suitable solvent.…”

Simultaneous determination of 114 pesticides in complex Chinese herbal medicine Fritillaria using ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 as a reversed-dispersive solid phase extraction sorbent

“…Ordered mesoporous carbon and its functionalized materials have been successfully used as sorbents for the removal of phenol, 23 antibiotics, 24 proteins, 25 dyes 26 and heavy metals, 27 and for the adsorption and enrichment of some pesticides from water samples. 28,29 Moreover, the excellent adsorption capacity of ordered mesoporous carbons for alkaloids has also been reported. 30 Based on these studies, we were inspired to consider that ordered mesoporous carbon could be used as a sorbent to remove interferences, such as steroidal alkaloids, from the Fritillaria matrix.…”

Development of a liquid-phase microextraction based on the freezing of a deep eutectic solvent followed by HPLC-UV for sensitive determination of common pesticides in environmental water samples

“…9,14,15 In general, a suitable preconcentration step prior to instrument detection is necessary due to the low concentration of pesticides, and complex matrix in environmental waters. So far, many sample treatment techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), 16 solid phase extraction (SPE), 17 cloud point extraction (CPE), 18 homogeneous LLE, 19 solid-phase microextraction, 20,21 liquidphase microextraction, 22,23 dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [24][25][26] and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidication of a oating organic drop (DLLME-SFO) [27][28][29] have been utilized to extract pesticides from different matrices. DLLME-SFO is becoming a popular sample preparation technique, and the type of extraction solvents has been developed in recent years, e.g., 1-dodecanol, 30 1-undecanol, 31 34 Recently, green and affordable extractants, called deep eutectic solvents (DESs), are being used as an alternative to common organic solvents and ionic liquids to extract low amounts of organic and inorganic compounds.…”