“…Despite the advantages of the continuum-based approach, its application to simulate damage localization including crack weaving and branching, and the resulting size-effect meets well-known difficulties. As was mentioned above, the fracture surfaces are usually represented using approximations or models, which smear real discontinuity [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 50 ] or embed it (extended implementation of FEM [ 51 ]).…”