Mesenchymal stromal cell and bone marrow concentrate therapies for musculoskeletal indications: a concise review of current literature

Abstract

The interest on applying mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in orthopedic disorders has risen tremendously in the last years due to scientific successes in preclinical in vitro and animal model studies. In a wide range of diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system, MSCs are currently under evaluation, but so far have found access to clinical use only in few cases. The current assignment is to translate the acquired knowledge into clinical practice. Therefore, this review aims at presenting a synopsis of the up-to-date status of the use of MSCs and MSC related cell products in musculoskeletal indications. Clinical studies were included, whereas preclinical and animal study data not have been considered. Most studies published so far investigate the final outcome applying bone marrow derived MSCs. In fewer trials the use of adipose tissue derived MSCs and allogenic MSCs was investigated in different applications. Although the reported results are equivocal in the current literature, the vast majority of the studies shows a benefit of MSC based therapies depending on the cell sources and the indication in clinical use. In summary, the clinical use of MSCs in patients in orthopedic indications has been found to be safe. Standardized protocols and clear definitions of the mechanisms of action and the mode and timing of application as well as further coordinated research efforts will be necessary for finally adding MSC based therapies in standard operating procedures and guidelines for the clinicians treating orthopedic disorders.

Guest-host supramolecular assembly of injectable hydrogel fibers for cell encapsulation

“…Finally, we tested the ability of the fibrous guest-host hydrogel to support sustained viability and spreading of encapsulated hMSCs following injection. We chose hMSCs for these experiments due to their multipotential for differentiation toward cell types relevant for a broad range of fibrous tissues 67 such as muscle, tendon, and ligament 68 . Protecting cells during injection and preserving high viability is one of the fundamental requirements for subsequent therapeutic application, but many injectable delivery vehicles suffer from poor cell survival 69,70 .…”

Characterisation of ovine bone marrow-derived stromal cells (oBMSC) and evaluation of chondrogenically induced micro-pellets for cartilage tissue repair in vivo

“…Currently, chondrogenic stability and the absence of hypertrophy remain significant obstacles for the use of BMSCderived tissues in treating cartilage defect repair, and these obstacles need to be resolved definitively prior to clinical application [7,36]. The broad efforts to develop new technologies and clinical trials to repair cartilage using cell-based products are reviewed here [49][50][51].…”

Role of Aquaporins in the Physiological Functions of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…While the application of MSCs in musculoskeletal disorders [ 88 , 89 ] and other degenerative diseases [ 90 ] is well-studied, the other more complex approaches require further analysis of the MSC physiology. Furthermore, analysis of the abilities of MSCs in regenerative medicine using in vivo approaches has shown that tissue regrowth is not exclusively linked to MSC (trans)differentiation, but rather to autocrine and paracrine signalling factors secreted by MSCs in response to local stimuli [ 91 ], growth factors [ 92 ] and inflammatory mediators [ 93 ].…”