Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human and Animal Perinatal Tissues—Origins, Characteristics, Signaling Pathways, and Clinical Trials

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are currently one of the most extensively researched fields due to their promising opportunity for use in regenerative medicine. There are many sources of MSCs, of which cells of perinatal origin appear to be an invaluable pool. Compared to embryonic stem cells, they are devoid of ethical conflicts because they are derived from tissues surrounding the fetus and can be safely recovered from medical waste after delivery. Additionally, perinatal MSCs exhibit better self-renewal and differentiation properties than those derived from adult tissues. It is important to consider the anatomy of perinatal tissues and the general description of MSCs, including their isolation, differentiation, and characterization of different types of perinatal MSCs from both animals and humans (placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid). Ultimately, signaling pathways are essential to consider regarding the clinical applications of MSCs. It is important to consider the origin of these cells, referring to the anatomical structure of the organs of origin, when describing the general and specific characteristics of the different types of MSCs as well as the pathways involved in differentiation.

Mesenchymal stem cells express epidermal markers in an in vitro reconstructed human skin model

“…Also, the expression of those proteins was increased by prolonged exposure times in ALI (Martin-Piedra et al, 2019). Another important finding of these authors was to show that MSCs from umbilical cord did not express human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1 and 2 in culture both in vitro and in vivo, unlike MSCs from bone marrow, which reduce rejection of cells or tissue grafts in allogeneic recipients (Kulus et al, 2021). Regarding perspectives for clinical use, MSCs from umbilical cord are preferred, since they Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology frontiersin.org remain poorly immunogenic after epidermal induction, evidencing the significance of these cells for future therapeutic trials involving the human skin.…”

Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Allergic Disease Management

“…Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are cell populations with unique hematopoietic-supporting and immunoregulatory properties, which are currently recognized as the uppermost counterparts for regenerative medicine in the field [14]. Since the first isolation from bone marrow, MSCs with various origins have been identified including adult tissues and perinatal tissues such as adipose-tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs), dental-pulp-derived MSCs (DPSCs) [15], fetal-liver-derived MSCs (FL-MSCs), amniotic-membrane-derived MSCs (AMSCs), amniotic-fluid-derived MSCs (AF-MSCs), umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) [16,17], placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs) [18], supernumerary teethderived apical papillary stem cells (SCAP-Ss) [15].…”

Extraembryonic Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells in Liver Diseases: A Critical Revision of Promising Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products

“…Extraembryonic MSCs used in interventional medicine or corrective therapy would escalate and remodel current clinical strategies. Many animal studies supported the use of primary extraembryonic cells [ 85 ]. However, additional studies are required to fully characterize and profile all the characteristic and functional properties associated with primary extraembryonic MSCs purified from different parts of the perinatal tissues, and many variables can affect their characteristics and efficacy—such as donor genetic background, timing and protocol for collection samples and isolation procedures, and accurate matching between donors and recipients’ needs.…”