Mesenchymal stem cells‐derived extracellular vesicles in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a review of current literature and potential future treatment options

Abstract

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life‐threatening inflammatory lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the current treatment for this disease is mainly supportive. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their immunomodulatory properties are increasingly being studied for the treatment of ARDS and have shown promise in multiple animal studies. The therapeutic effects of MSCs are exerted in part in a paracrine manner by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs), rather than local engraftment. MSC‐derived EVs are emerging as potential alternatives to MSC therapy in ARDS. In this review, we will introduce EVs and briefly discuss current data on EVs and MSCs in ARDS. We will discuss current literature on the role of MSC‐derived EVs in pathogenesis and treatment of ARDS and their potential as a treatment strategy in the future.

Negative Effects of SIGIRR on TRAF6 Ubiquitination in Acute Lung Injury In Vitro

“…ALI is a progressive, acute, hypoxic respiratory dysfunction that results from multiple factors [ 3 , 4 ]. It has been demonstrated that suppression of LPS/TLR-4 greatly promotes the development of ALI.…”

“…Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute hypoxic respiratory dysfunction resulting from multiple factors [ 1 – 3 ]. The continuous progressive phase of ALI develops into acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [ 4 , 5 ]. The pathological feature of the above process was the injury of alveolar capillary endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) combined with extensive pulmonary edema and minimal atelectasis.…”

Nanoconjugates-Based Stem Cell Therapy for the Management of COVID-19

“…In case of corona virus infected patients, SCs are beneficial due to their antioxidant, immunomodulatory and self-reparatory actions from extracellular vesicles. To attenuate lung edema development, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory models were used by stabilizing endothelial fluid leakage [ 65 – 70 ]. Different cell models of alveolar and lung epithelial cells were studied to confirm the biological effect against influenza virus using various mechanisms by inhibiting CD8+ T-cells, restoring alveolar fluid and enhancing alveolar protein permeation [ 71 – 73 ].…”

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome for Severe COVID-19 Infections: Premises for the Therapeutic Use

“…After intravenous injection, the secretome remained highly stable in the blood flow and distributed through to the lungs [25]. Here, secretome spread into the tissues and it provided immune modulation, resolution of inflammation, restoration of capillary barrier function and enhanced bacterial clearance [26].…”