Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attract Endothelial Progenitor Cells via a Positive Feedback Loop between CXCR2 and CXCR4

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can attract host endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) to promote vascularization in tissue-engineered constructs (TECs). Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism remains vague. This study is aimed at investigating the roles of CXCR2 and CXCR4 in the EPC migration towards MSCs. In vitro, Transwell assays were performed to evaluate the migration of EPCs towards MSCs. Antagonists and shRNAs targeting CXCR2, CXCR4, and JAK/STAT3 were applied for the signaling blockade. Western blot and RT-PCR were conducted to analyze the molecular events in EPCs. In vivo, TECs were constructed and subcutaneously implanted into GFP+ transgenic mice. Signaling inhibitors were injected in an orientated manner into TECs. Recruitment of host CD34+ cells was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Eventually, we demonstrated that CXCR2 and CXCR4 were both highly expressed in migrated EPCs and indispensable for MSC-induced EPC migration. CXCR2 and CXCR4 strongly correlated with each other in the way that the expression of CXCR2 and CXCR2-mediated migration depends on the activity of CXCR4 and vice versa. Further studies documented that both of CXCR2 and CXCR4 activated STAT3 signaling, which in turn regulated the expression of CXCR2 and CXCR4, as well as cell migration. In summary, we firstly introduced a reciprocal crosstalk between CXCR2 and CXCR4 in the context of EPC migration. This feedback loop plays critical roles in the migration of EPCs towards MSCs.

STAT3 pathway in cancers: Past, present, and future

“…In addition to the IL‐6/JAK/STAT3 pathway, the activation of EGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor, C‐X‐C chemokine receptor (CXCR), G‐protein coupled receptor, and B7‐H3, as well as the stimulation with carcinogenic (areca nut extract) and others, can also cause STAT3 phosphorylation via the JAK/STAT3 pathway. 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 It was reported that other classes of non‐receptor PTKs could stimulate STAT3 activation. The Src family of kinases, including Src, Lck, Hck, Lyn, Fyn, and Fgr can mediate STAT3 activation.…”

Wound Healing with Electrical Stimulation Technologies: A Review

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Neovascularization: The Main Mechanism of MSCs in Ischemic Heart Disease Therapy

“…As a precursor of ECs, EPCs also differentiate into ECs and promote ischemia angiogenesis through their paracrine function ( 91 , 92 ). MSCs could attract and promote the migration and vascularization of EPCs, which may depend on a positive feedback loop between CXCR-2 and CXCR-4 ( 93 , 94 ). The viability and ability of MSCs to promote nerve regeneration is also improved by EPCs through PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β signaling ( 95 ).…”