Mesenchymal Stem Cells – Sources and Clinical Applications

Abstract

Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from different tissue sources share many characteristics and generally fulfill accepted criteria for MSC (plastic adherence, certain surface marker expression, and ability to differentiate into mesenchymal tissues), we are increasingly learning that they can be distinguished at the level of cytokine production and gene expression profiles. Their ability to differentiate into different tissues including endodermal and ectodermal lineages, also varies according to tissue origin. Importantly, MSC from fetal sources can undergo more cell divisions before they reach senescence than MSC from adult tissue such as bone marrow or adipose tissue. As we learn more about the differentiation and plasticity of MSC from different sources, health care providers in the future will use them tailored to different medical indications.

Conditioned media from human palatine tonsil mesenchymal stem cells regulates the interaction between myotubes and fibroblasts by IL‐1Ra activity

“…Notably, T‐MSCs constitutively secreted high levels of IL‐1Ra, but BM‐MSCs and AT‐MSCs exhibited a deficiency in IL‐1Ra production, which could enable the use of either T‐MSCs or T‐CM in the treatment of disease, considering the diverse paracrine effects of the cells alone or of the T‐CM after infusion. Considering that some MSC markers vary according to the tissue of origin 35, 36, we believe that IL‐1Ra may be a specific positive marker to distinguish T‐MSCs from MSCs derived from other tissues. Particularly, palatine tonsil is secondary lymphoid tissue that continuously encounters antigens and subsequently drive efficient immune response.…”

Clinical grade adult stem cell banking

“…They can be derived from different tissues of the body including bone marrow, blood, fat, dental pulp, placenta, liver and brain. [1][2][3] To date, the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) originating in bone marrow have arguably been the most extensively studied and are the first adult stem cells to be used successfully in therapy. 4,5 Besides HSC, bone marrow also contains a population of stromal cells that can differentiate into nonhematopoietic lineage.…”

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived From Limb Bud Can Differentiate into All Three Embryonic Germ Layers Lineages

“…Consequently, sufficient amounts of therapeutic cells can be obtained during a short period. Second, findings confirmed that MSCs from fetal sources can also undergo a greater number of passages before they reach senescence than MSCs from adult tissue do (Klingemann et al, 2008). This means that characteristics of undifferentiated fMSCs can be maintained during the course of in vitro culture.…”