“…5 D). They are important genes for retinal antioxidant enzymes and risk genes for dry AMD [ 25 ], and their increased expression represents an increased ability of the retina to resist oxidative damage [ 26 ]. Fig.…”
“…5 D). They are important genes for retinal antioxidant enzymes and risk genes for dry AMD [ 25 ], and their increased expression represents an increased ability of the retina to resist oxidative damage [ 26 ]. Fig.…”
“…Moreover, as previously noted, MSC-EVs can temper neuroinflammation—a prevalent instigator of oxidative stress—potentially lessening oxidative stress intensity through inflammation reduction. For instance, they can exert their effects through various pathways, including the NF-kB signaling pathway ( Yan et al, 2022 ) and the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway ( Tang et al, 2023 ). Additionally, they have the ability to modulate mitochondrial membrane potential and mitigate mitochondrial ROS production ( Xian et al, 2019 ).…”
Section: Role and Application Of Msc-evs In The Pathophysiological Pr...mentioning
Vascular dementia (VD) is a prevalent cognitive disorder among the elderly. Its pathological mechanism encompasses neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, vascular abnormalities, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, among others. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered significant attention as an emerging therapeutic strategy. Current research indicates that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) play a pivotal role in both the diagnosis and treatment of VD. Thus, this article delves into the recent advancements of MSC-EVs in VD, discussing the mechanisms by which EVs influence the pathophysiological processes of VD. These mechanisms form the theoretical foundation for their neuroprotective effect in VD treatment. Additionally, the article highlights the potential applications of EVs in VD diagnosis. In conclusion, MSC-EVs present a promising innovative treatment strategy for VD. With rigorous research and ongoing innovation, this concept can transition into practical clinical treatment, providing more effective options for VD patients.
“…Using an experimental approach with primary polarized RPE cultures under subtoxic oxidative stress conditions, changes in sEV proteins content involved in epithelial barrier integrity have been reported, which include basal-side specific desmosome and hemidesmosome shedding via sEVs [48], which would explain the RPE-impaired outer blood-retinal barrier function that occurs in AMD. Cellular oxidative damage of the RPE cells induced by NaIO3 could be prevented by the administration of sEVs obtained from mesenchymal stem cells [49], that decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species, and upregulated SOD activity by a mechanism that has been ascribed to the up regulation of the expression of the Nrf2 pathway, since Nrf2 inhibitors block this antioxidant effect [49]. Moreover, recent findings indicate that under oxidative conditions, RPE cells upregulate the expression of CYLD-AS1, a long, noncoding mRNA with the ability to modulate the expression of Nrf2 (associated with oxidative stress) and members of the NF-κB pathway, which play a role in inflammation.…”
This review focuses on the role of small extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiological mechanisms of retinal degenerative diseases. Many of these mechanisms are related to or modulated by the oxidative burden of retinal cells. It has been recently demonstrated that cellular communication in the retina involves extracellular vesicles and that their rate of release and cargo features might be affected by the cellular environment, and in some instances, they might also be mediated by autophagy. The fate of these vesicles is diverse: they could end up in circulation being used as markers, or target neighbor cells modulating gene and protein expression, or eventually, in angiogenesis. Neovascularization in the retina promotes vision loss in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The importance of micro RNAs, either as small extracellular vesicles’ cargo or free circulating, in the regulation of retinal angiogenesis is also discussed.
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