Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have attracted increasing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. Previously, the differentiation ability of MSCs was believed to be primarily responsible for tissue repair. Recent studies have shown that paracrine mechanisms play an important role in this process. MSCs can secrete soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which mediate paracrine communication. EVs contain large amounts of proteins and nucleic acids, such as mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), and can transfer the cargo between cells. The cargoes are similar to those in MSCs and are not susceptible to degradation due to the protection of the EV bimolecular membrane structure. MSC-EVs can mimic the biological characteristics of MSCs, such as differentiation, maturation, and self-renewal. Due to their broad biological functions and their ability to transfer molecules between cells, EVs have been intensively studied by an increasing number of researchers with a focus on therapeutic applications, especially those of EVs secreted by MSCs. In this review, we discuss MSC-derived EVs and their therapeutic potential in tissue regeneration.

BMSC-Exosomes Carry Mutant HIF-1α for Improving Angiogenesis and Osteogenesis in Critical-Sized Calvarial Defects

“…In recent years, studies have shown that the role of stem cells in tissue repair is accomplished through the activation of peripheral receptor cells by exosomes secreted by their paracrine mechanism (Tan et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020;Zhang B. et al, 2020). The exosome molecule is 50-150 nm in diameter, and it mainly contains cytokines, growth factors and other proteins, lipids, coding, or non-coding RNAs similar to the cells of origin, and participates in cell communication, cell migration, vascular regeneration and other processes, which plays an important role in the regulation of cell physiological functions (Li et al, 2018).…”

Identification and Comparison of Hyperglycemia-Induced Extracellular Vesicle Transcriptome in Different Mouse Stem Cells

“…Specifically, EPC-, CPC-, and CBSC-secreted EVs benefit cardiac repair and regeneration following ischemic injury [ 4 , 35 ]. However, EV cargo and biological properties differ depending on physiological condition of their parental cells [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Different biological content such as DNAs, RNAs, and proteins are selectively sorted into EVs, while stem/progenitor cells are under physiological conditions or with stress.…”

“…EVs including exosomes, 30–100 nm extracellular nano-vesicles, are major regulators for local and remote cell–cell communication and cell signaling induction by transferring material including DNAs, RNAs, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells [ 10 ]. Recent reports show that EV/exosome therapy is an alternative stem cell-free strategy involved in tissue protection and regeneration post-injury [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. However, EV/exosome quality and production are not static; their activity, components, and function are affected by stem cell origin [ 14 ].…”

Mesenchymal and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: The New Frontier for Regenerative Medicine?

“…Generally, EVs can promote myocardial regeneration and restore cardiac Most of the literature concerning EVs released by MSCs is isolated from different tissues. That is why we barely mention the topic and for more in depth information we refer to some recent reviews [159,160].…”

“…Due to their lower immunogenicity, easier handling, and having no risk of tumor formation, researchers recently focused on their potential as possible alternatives to stem cells [159,[204][205][206], studying experimental model diseases treated with MSC-EVs. To date, a total of eight clinical trials on the application of EVs for disease treatment were identified [160]. Accordingly, many researchers investigated the role of EVs released by iPSCs in tissue regeneration.…”