Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Promising Potential for Treating SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients

Abstract

The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the worst global threats in the 21st century since World War II. This pandemic has led to a worldwide economic recession and crisis due to lockdown. Biomedical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and premier institutes throughout the world are claiming that new clinical trials are in progress. During the severe phase of this disease, mechanical ventilators are used to assist in the management of outcomes; however, their use can lead to the development of pneumonia. In this context, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes can serve as an immunomodulation treatment for COVID-19 patients. Exosomes possess anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties that can be explored in an effort to improve the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Currently, only one ongoing clinical trial (NCT04276987) is specifically exploring the use of MSC-derived exosomes as a therapy to treat SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia. The purpose of this review is to provide insights of using exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in management of the co-morbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2-infected persons in direction of improving their health outcome. There is limited knowledge of using exosomes in SARS-CoV-2; the clinicians and researchers should exploit exosomes as therapeutic regime.

Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Tailored Exosomes Treat Bacteria-Associated Diabetes Foot Ulcers: A Customized Approach From Bench to Bed

“…These late endosomes further give rise to MVBs followed by ILV formation. It seems that during the ILV formation by inward budding, several essential proteins, growth factors, cytoskeleton components, nucleic acids, lipids, and other necessary cellular components get wrapped into it (Raghav et al, 2021). The key feature of biogenesis pathways includes internalization, fusion, and release (Figure 2).…”

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and microvesicles, are secreted by various cell types. EVs showed diverse characteristics in size, function, indigenous cargo, and secretion pathway (Raghav et al, 2021). Exosomes are small-sized EVs formed by the process of inward budding in early endosomes and later form multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of average 100-nm dimensions (Raghav et al, 2021).…”

“…EVs showed diverse characteristics in size, function, indigenous cargo, and secretion pathway (Raghav et al, 2021). Exosomes are small-sized EVs formed by the process of inward budding in early endosomes and later form multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of average 100-nm dimensions (Raghav et al, 2021). These later released into the extracellular matrix/environment to deliver their indigenous cargo/components fulfilling their fate (Raghav et al, 2021).…”

“…Exosomes are small-sized EVs formed by the process of inward budding in early endosomes and later form multivesicular bodies (MVBs) of average 100-nm dimensions (Raghav et al, 2021). These later released into the extracellular matrix/environment to deliver their indigenous cargo/components fulfilling their fate (Raghav et al, 2021). Cellular exosomes release involves various steps, i.e., formation of early endosomes, followed by fusion of the MVBs containing intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), with the plasma membrane by exocytosis and release of exosomes in the extracellular space (Than et al, 2017).…”

Association of Circadian Clock and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

“…There are two types of S protein, i.e., S1 and S2 which participate in binding and fusion, respectively. S1 binds with the ACE2 receptor while S2 mediates fusion between virus and host cell [18]. Once the virus enters the host cell, it shreds its protein part and RNA is released into the cytoplasm.…”