Mesenchymal stem cell 3D encapsulation technologies for biomimetic microenvironment in tissue regeneration

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) encapsulation technique has long been emerged in tissue engineering as it plays an important role in implantation of stem cells to regenerate a damaged tissue. MSC encapsulation provides a mimic of a three-dimensional (3D) in vivo environment to maintain cell viability and to induce the stem cell differentiation which regulates MSC fate into multi-lineages. Moreover, the 3D matrix surrounding MSCs protects them from the human innate immune system and allows the diffusion of biomolecules such as oxygen, cytokines, and growth factors. Therefore, many technologies are being developed to create MSC encapsulation platforms with diverse materials, shapes, and sizes. The conditions of the platform are determined by the targeted tissue and translation method. This review introduces several details of MSC encapsulation technologies such as micromolding, electrostatic droplet extrusion, microfluidics, and bioprinting and their application for tissue regeneration. Lastly, some of the challenges and future direction of MSC encapsulation technologies as a cell therapy-based tissue regeneration method will be discussed.

Glutathione–Allylsulfur Conjugates as Mesenchymal Stem Cells Stimulating Agents for Potential Applications in Tissue Repair

“…Although the protective effect of H 2 S by the oxidative stress was well investigated in the human cells using NaHS as H 2 S donor [1,41], the effects of potential nutraceutical bio-products, such as GSGa, on MSC has not yet been assessed. Several studies suggest that the inherent reparative capability of the body could in theory be supported by incrementing the efficiency of the endogenous MSC via therapeutic exogenous MSC [93][94][95].…”

Solid-State Synthesis of Water-Soluble Chitosan-g-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Copolymers

“…The synthesized copolymers were successfully used as interface stabilizers during a fabrication of polylactide microparticles via an oil/water solvent evaporation technique. In contrast to parent materials, the application of the copolymers led to a formation of spherical microparticles with a high total yield (up to 67 wt %), which was comparable to those obtained with an aim of traditional emulsifiers (polyvinyl alcohol) or other chitosan-based copolymers [14]. Water-soluble chitosan-based emulsifiers could be especially useful for the fabrication of drug-loaded or composite microparticles containing pH-sensitive components.…”

“…Therefore, a possibility to play on chitosan DD without compromising its solubility, as well as the possibility to work at a neutral pH, is particularly attractive for the application of synthesized copolymers as drug delivery vehicles, both in the form of macromolecular platforms and solid micro-/nanoparticles or capsules. Moreover, water-soluble chitosan copolymers have great potential for the fabrication of cell carriers/capsules and bioinks [14,15]. However, the preparation of copolymers by conventional liquid-phase methods is associated with well-known disadvantages, such as multi-stage, long process time, the use of toxic catalysts and low yield.…”

Five Decades Later, Are Mesenchymal Stem Cells Still Relevant?

“…Tissue engineering can also be used to improve MSC residence after administration, to which aim MSCbased scaffolds have been used, using either biodegradable or non-degradable polymers to form hydrogel matrices (Park et al, 2018), which can be supplemented with growth factors. Such matrices can be worked into desired shapes using micromolding, microfluidics, electrostatic droplet extrusion, or bioprinting (Kim et al, 2019). MSC based scaffolds systems have been used for bone and cartilage regeneration (Kim et al, 2019), as well as for the reproduction of blood vessels (Pinnock et al, 2016), cardiac tissue (Rashedi et al, 2017;Ichihara et al, 2018;Joshi et al, 2018), and skeletal muscle (Witt et al, 2017).…”

“…Such matrices can be worked into desired shapes using micromolding, microfluidics, electrostatic droplet extrusion, or bioprinting (Kim et al, 2019). MSC based scaffolds systems have been used for bone and cartilage regeneration (Kim et al, 2019), as well as for the reproduction of blood vessels (Pinnock et al, 2016), cardiac tissue (Rashedi et al, 2017;Ichihara et al, 2018;Joshi et al, 2018), and skeletal muscle (Witt et al, 2017). Optimal tissue replacement efficiency relies on the physical characteristics of the scaffolds (Alakpa et al, 2017;Jeon et al, 2017;Mouser et al, 2018), as each mechanical property can modify the fate of the transplanted cells.…”