Merlin++, a flexible and feature-rich accelerator physics and particle tracking library

Appleby, R. B.; Barlow, R. J.; Krücker, D.; Molson, James; Rowan, Scott; Tygier, Sam; Rafique, Haroon; Walker, Nicholas; Wolski, A.

doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108204

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…To select a particle tracking engine, a review of existing software packages was carried out, in view of the challenges previously discussed. The tracking engines considered included MAD-X [36], Merlin++ [27,37], pyAT [38], SixTrack, and Xtrack [39]. Software considered, but not tested included SAD, BMAD, and ELEGANT.…”

Section: Software Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Abramov,

Broggi,

Bruce

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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The collimation system of the Future Circular Collider, operating with leptons (FCC-ee), must protect not only the experiments against backgrounds, but also the machine itself from beam losses. With a 17.8 MJ stored energy of the electron and positron beams, they are highly destructive, and beam losses risk to cause damage or a quench of superconducting elements. Accurate collimation simulation tools and models are needed to design the collimation system and optimize the collimation performance, including magnetic tracking, synchrotron radiation and optics tapering, as well as particle-matter interactions. As no existing code was found that incorporated all these features, a new simulation software tool has been developed. The tool is based on an interface between a particle tracking engine, pyAT or Xtrack, and a Monte-Carlo particle-matter interaction engine for collimator scattering, BDSIM, which is based on Geant4. Results from a simulation of edge scattering from a beam halo collimator in the FCC-ee are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the tool.

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Section: Software Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Abramov,

Broggi,

Bruce

et al. 2024

J. Inst.

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“…There are several existing methods for tracking moments: the code MERLIN implements a transition matrix approach for particle accelerators [4] and a continuous model has been developed through a Hamiltonian approach [5]. Moment tracking can also be done continuously by differentiating the definition of a moment and using the Vlasov equation [3,7].…”

Section: Number Of Differential Equations To Solvementioning

confidence: 99%

“…where ∧ is the wedge product, i W is an internal contraction with respect to W, i a is an internal contraction with respect to ∂ a , dξ 1... 6 = dξ 1 ∧ dξ 2 ∧ dξ 3 ∧ dξ 4 ∧ dξ 5 ∧ dξ 6 (A8)…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A macroparticle typically has only a position and a velocity. This paper presents a different method, in which a macroparticle represents the moments of a group of particles [1][2][3][4][5] (figure 1). Such a model may be more efficient in cases where a large number of particles can be accurately modelled by only a small number of macroparticles and their moments, and the electromagnetic field does not vary much across the extent of the macroparticle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Moment tracking and their coordinate transformations for macroparticles with an application to plasmas around black holes

Warwick,

Gratus

2023

Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion

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Particle-in-cell (PIC) codes usually represent large groups of particles as a single macroparticle. These codes are computationally efficient but lose information about the internal structure of the macroparticle. To improve the accuracy of these codes, this work presents a method in which, as well as tracking the macroparticle, the moments of the macroparticle are also tracked. Although the equations needed to track these moments are known, the coordinate transformations for moments where the space and time coordinates are mixed cannot be calculated using the standard method for representing moments. These coordinate transformations are important in astrophysical plasma, where there is no preferred coordinate system. This work uses the language of Schwartz distributions to calculate the coordinate transformations of moments. Both the moment tracking and coordinate transformation equations are tested by modelling the motion of uncharged particles in a circular orbit around a black hole in both Schwarzschild and Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates. Numerical testing shows that the error in tracking moments is small, and scales quadratically. This error can be improved by including higher order moments. By choosing an appropriate method for using these moments to deposit the charge back onto the grid, a full PIC code can be developed.

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Merlin++, a flexible and feature-rich accelerator physics and particle tracking library

Cited by 2 publications

References 42 publications

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Collimation simulations for the FCC-ee

Moment tracking and their coordinate transformations for macroparticles with an application to plasmas around black holes

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