Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin

Tai, Patricia; Yu, Edward; Tonita, Jon; Gilchrist, James M.

doi:10.1177/120347540000400403

Cited by 80 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…Five patients (55%) with small tumors (size o2 cm) showed no DNA changes. In compliance with previous studies, 11,25 large tumor size and nodal disease at the presentation had a negative impact on overall survival in MCC patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Slight male predominance, mean age 68 years and almost half of the tumors located in the head and neck region. 11,14 During the course of the disease 47% of the patients progressed to metastatic dissemination, local recurrence was recorded in 42% patients. These data are also consistent with previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Large tumor size (42 cm) has been found to have a detrimental effect on survival in MCC patients. 11,12 Radical surgery is the recommended procedure to improve prediction of better survival in MCC. 13,14 Previously, cytogenetic analyses have not shown any recurrent reciprocal translocations in MCC that would generate fusion genes or lead to activation of oncogenes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12 Radical surgery is the recommended procedure to improve prediction of better survival in MCC. 13,14 Previously, cytogenetic analyses have not shown any recurrent reciprocal translocations in MCC that would generate fusion genes or lead to activation of oncogenes. Little is thus known about the chromosomal and genetic alterations in MCC.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recurrent DNA copy number changes revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in primary Merkel cell carcinomas

et al. 2004

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Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to search for gains, high-level amplifications and losses of DNA sequences along all chromosome arms in 19 primary Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). Extensive genetic aberrations, with a mean value of 5.571.1 changes per tumor were detected in 13 out of the 19 samples analyzed. Our CGH results reveal several new and other previously known chromosomal regions that are involved in the pathogenesis of MCC. The majority of the alterations were gains of whole chromosomes or whole chromosome arms. Compared to losses, the frequency of DNA copy number gains was two-fold. DNA sequence copy number gains were most common in chromosomes 6 (42%), 1 (37%), and 5 (32%). The most frequent minimal common regions of gains were 6pterqter (42%), 1q11q31 (32%), and 5p (32%). No recurrent high-level amplifications were observed. High-level amplifications of small chromosomal regions were found in four samples out of the 19 tumors analyzed (21%). Amplifications affected 1q22q24 (5%), 4p (5%), and 5p (5%). Losses most frequently affected chromosomes 13 (21%) and 4 (16%). Minimal common regions with the most frequent losses were 13q13q31 (21%), 4q (16%), and 16q (11%). No significant statistical correlation between genomic aberrations and clinicopathological factors was revealed, despite the fact that there was an obvious tendency towards it. Primary MCC expressing DNA alterations were predominantly distinguished in large tumors, and risk of metastatic dissemination was three-fold compared to tumors with no DNA alterations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recurrent DNA copy number changes revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in primary Merkel cell carcinomas

et al. 2004

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“…However, cumulative data from small series have suggested that stage, size of the primary tumor, and gender may have an influence on survival, whereas the prognostic impact of anatomic location and age are more controversial. [5][6][7][8] Although various factors can determine the aggressiveness of PNCs, the capacity for invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, involving the degradation of components of basement membranes and the extracellular matrix, is certainly important. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes 9,10 involved in the degradation of different components of the extracellular matrix.…”

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confidence: 99%

Expression and prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin

et al. 2003

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Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma (PNC) of the skin is the currently favored designation for the tumor originally described by Toker in 1972 as trabecular carcinoma, 1 and subsequently termed Merkel cell carcinoma on the basis of the electron microscopic findings of neurosecretory granules. 2 PNC is a rare, highly malignant neuroendocrine tumor that occurs most commonly in elderly Caucasian patients. Clinically, it usually appears as a rapidly growing nodule on sundamaged skin of the head and neck region and on the extremities, often being indistinguishable from other cutaneous neoplasms on clinical grounds alone. Affected patients have a high risk of disease progression: early local recurrences occur in about 33% of cases, and approximately 50% of patients will develop regional lymph node metastases with eventual death due to systemic dissemination in more than 33% of cases. [3][4] Because of its rarity, prognostic factors have not been fully established. However, cumulative data from small series have suggested that stage, size of the primary tumor, and gender may have an influence on survival, whereas the prognostic impact of anatomic location and age are more controversial. [5][6][7][8] Although various factors can determine the aggressiveness of PNCs, the capacity for invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, involving the degradation of components of basement membranes and the extracellular matrix, is certainly important. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes 9,10 involved in the degradation of different components of the extracellular matrix. At present, there is considerable evidence indicating that MMPs play important roles in local invasion and tumor spread. [10][11][12] The family of human MMPs comprises several members classified into 4 main classes according to their structure and in vitro substrate specificity: collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, and membrane-type MMPs [11][12] (Table 1).Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the major natural inhibitors of MMPs. To date, 4 types of TIMPs (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4) have been recognized. The TIMPs are secreted proteins that complex MMPs and are involved in the inhibition of individual MMPs and regulation of their activity. 13 Indeed, it is thought that the balance between activated MMPs and TIMPs determines the

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Atypical skin lesions

Findlay

Henderson

2015

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

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Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin

Abstract: We identified poor prognostic factors that may necessitate more aggressive treatment. The suggested staging system, incorporating primary tumour size, accurately predicted outcomes.

Cited by 80 publications

References 143 publications

Recurrent DNA copy number changes revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in primary Merkel cell carcinomas

Recurrent DNA copy number changes revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in primary Merkel cell carcinomas

Expression and prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin

Atypical skin lesions

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