Merging genotypes: graft union formation and scion–rootstock interactions

Gautier, Antoine; Chambaud, Clément; Brocard, Lysiane; Ollat, Nathalie; Gambetta, Grégory A.; Delrot, Serge; Cookson, Sarah Jane

doi:10.1093/jxb/ery422

Cited by 92 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Thus, it seems quite plausible that planting a specific and unique rootstock-scion combination in a given growing region enables the grafted plant to better cope with biotic and abiotic stresses, resulting in improved postharvest fruit quality [13,14]. In addition, it is also quite possible that the optimal combination of grafted plant and growing region benefits from improved plant growth and development, and therefore fruit quality, due to better water, mineral, and long-distance signal-molecule translocation from the rootstock to the scion and fruit, or by different gene expression that contributes to better compatibility [15,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between Rootstock-Scion Combinations and Growing Regions on Watermelon Fruit Quality

et al. 2019

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Grafting of vegetable plants is done primarily to reduce the potential for damage caused by soil-borne diseases. Most of the watermelons (Citrullus) grown in the Mediterranean Basin, including in Israel, are grafted, mainly on interspecific hybrid pumpkin (Cucurbita) rootstocks. Biblical law (Leviticus 19:19) does not allow intergeneric grafting, so in recent years, great efforts have been made in Israel to find or breed watermelon rootstocks. Both interspecific and intergeneric grafting can have negative or positive effects on fruit yield and quality after harvest. The inconsistencies in fruit quality and shelf-life parameters can be attributed to differences in production environments. However, many farmers are grafting and planting the same rootstock-scion combination all over the country, regardless of local soil, water, and climactic conditions. We studied the effect of similar rootstock-scion combinations on watermelon yield and fruit quality in three regions of Israel differing in soil type and altitude. Fruit-quality parameters were evaluated after 4 days at 21 °C (local marketing simulation). Fruit quality was significantly affected, mainly by the growing region, based on factorial analysis, but also by rootstock-scion combination, regardless of rootstock vigor. Therefore, the best rootstock-scion combination needs to be found and adopted for each growing region. Grafting was essential for watermelon crop survival in contaminated soils and improved both plant performance and postharvest fruit quality, but was not a factor in non-contaminated soils.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intergeneric grafts are rarely compatible, except within the Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae, in which compatibility between different genera is exploited in commercial grafting. Despite its importance in horticulture, little is known about the mechanisms that cause graft compatibility/incompatibility [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between Rootstock-Scion Combinations and Growing Regions on Watermelon Fruit Quality

et al. 2019

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“…Earlier studies have reported that rootstocks and rootstock system architecture influence various important traits of scion genotypes grafted onto these rootstocks [20,21]. As it has been demonstrated that rootstocks confer enhanced tolerance to salinity, drought, and disease in various crops [21,22,23], efforts have been undertaken to develop resistant rootstocks, which in turn can enhance disease tolerance of grafted scion cultivars [11,24,25]. In this study, it is observed that root traits of an apple rootstock (M.7), including root dry mass (g) and average roots per node (count), are indeed variable, and they do in turn influence shoot and leaf traits, including leaf chlorophyll contents, of different scion genotypes grafted onto this rootstock.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can influence scion vigor and architecture, phenology, precocity, fruit quality, and production [20,21]. In addition, rootstocks confer differential tolerance to salinity, drought, and disease-prone conditions in various crops [21,22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root system traits impact early fire blight susceptibility in apple (Malus × domestica)

Singh

Fabrizio

Desnoues

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Although it is known that resistant rootstocks facilitate management of fire blight disease, incited by Erwinia amylovora, the role of rootstock root traits in providing systemic defense against E. amylovora is unclear. In this study, the hypothesis that rootstocks of higher root vigor provide higher tolerance to fire blight infection in apples is tested. Several apple scion genotypes grafted onto a single rootstock genotype and non-grafted ‘M.7’ rootstocks of varying root vigor are used to assess phenotypic and molecular relationships between root traits of rootstocks and fire blight susceptibility of apple scion cultivars.Results It is observed that different root traits display significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with fire blight susceptibility. In fact, root surface area partially dictates differential levels of fire blight susceptibility of ‘M.7’ rootstocks. Furthermore, contrasting changes in gene expression patterns of diverse molecular pathways accompany observed differences in levels of root-driven fire blight susceptibility. It is noted that a singular co-expression gene network consisting of genes from defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein kinase activity, oxidation-reduction, and stress response pathways modulates root-dependent fire blight susceptibility in apple. In particular, WRKY75 and UDP-glycotransferase are singled-out as hub genes deserving of further detailed analysis.Conclusions It is proposed that low root mass may incite resource-limiting conditions to activate carbohydrate metabolic pathways, which reciprocally interact with plant immune system genes to elicit differential levels of fire blight susceptibility.

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“…Horizontal gene transfer (Bennetzen, 1996) and allopolyploidy (Abbott et al, 2013) are often regarded as the typical processes that lead to the interaction of various genomes within a single organism. However, a commonly disregarded yet ancient process that also produces genetic chimeras is grafting, which refers to the agricultural practice that joins the root system (rootstock) of one plant, usually a woody crop, to the shoot (scion) of another (Warschefsky et al, 2016;Gautier et al, 2019). Grafting started with the earliest tree crops (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inheritance of Rootstock Effects in Avocado (Persea americanaMill.) cv. Hass

Reyes-Herrera

Muñoz-Baena

Velásquez-Zapata

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Grafting is typically utilized to merge adapted seedling rootstocks with highly productive clonal scions. This process implies the interaction of multiple genomes to produce a unique tree phenotype. Yet, the interconnection of both genotypes obscures individual contributions to phenotypic variation (i.e. rootstock-mediated heritability), hampering tree breeding. Therefore, our goal was to quantify the inheritance of seedling rootstock effects on scion traits using avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass as model fruit tree. We characterized 240 rootstocks from 8 avocado cv. Hass orchards in three regions of the province of Antioquia, in the northwest Andes of Colombia, using 13 microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeats – SSRs). Parallel to this, we recorded 20 phenotypic traits (including morphological, eco-physiological, and fruit yield and quality traits) in the scions for three years (2015–2017). Relatedness among rootstocks was inferred through the genetic markers and inputted in a ‘genetic prediction’ model in order to calculate narrow-sense heritabilities (h2) on scion traits. We used three different randomization tests to highlight traits with consistently significant heritability estimates. This strategy allowed us to capture five traits with significant heritability values that ranged from 0.33 to 0.45 and model fits (R2) that oscillated between 0.58 and 0.74 across orchards. The results showed significance in the rootstock effects for four complex harvest and quality traits (i.e. total number of fruits, number of fruits with exportation quality, and number of fruits discarded because of low weight or thrips damage), while the only morphological trait that had a significant heritability value was overall trunk height (an emergent property of the rootstock-scion interaction). These findings suggest the inheritance of rootstock effects, beyond root phenotype, on a surprisingly wide spectrum of scion traits in ‘Hass’ avocado. They also reinforce the utility of SSR markers for relatedness reconstruction and genetic prediction of complex traits. This research is, up to date, the most cohesive evidence of narrow-sense inheritance of rootstock effects in a tropical fruit tree crop. Ultimately, our work reinforces the importance of considering the rootstock-scion interaction to broaden the genetic basis of fruit tree breeding programs, while enhancing our understanding of the consequences of grafting.

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Merging genotypes: graft union formation and scion–rootstock interactions

Cited by 92 publications

References 76 publications

Relationships between Rootstock-Scion Combinations and Growing Regions on Watermelon Fruit Quality

Relationships between Rootstock-Scion Combinations and Growing Regions on Watermelon Fruit Quality

Root system traits impact early fire blight susceptibility in apple (Malus × domestica)

Inheritance of Rootstock Effects in Avocado (Persea americanaMill.) cv. Hass

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