Mercury residues in eggs, flesh and livers of hens fed on wheat treated with methylmercury dicyandiamide

Smart, N. A.; Lloyd, M.K.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740141009

Cited by 33 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Reports in the literature pertaining to mercury accumulation in avian tissues and in eggs have generally involved relatively high intakes of mercury (Smart and Lloyd, 1963;Kiwimae et al, 1969;Platanow and Funnell, 1961). Reports in the literature pertaining to mercury accumulation in avian tissues and in eggs have generally involved relatively high intakes of mercury (Smart and Lloyd, 1963;Kiwimae et al, 1969;Platanow and Funnell, 1961).…”

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Effects on Chickens of Chronic Exposure to Mercury at Low Levels Through Dietary Fish Meal

et al. 1974

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The effects of ingestion of low levels (0.014 and 0.018 p.p.m.) of mercury over prolonged periods by male and female birds of one broiler strain and three White Leghorn strains were studied. The sources of mercury were herring meals manufacutured from fish caught off the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of Canada and containing 0.22 and 0.17 p.p.m. respectively of mercury.The difference in concentrations of mercury in the two meals was reflected in differences in tissue concentrations of mercury of the birds fed the respective meals. Genetic differences in tissue accumulation of mercury were evident both in tissues which accumulated higher concentrations of mercury (feather, claw, kidney) as well as in muscle which accumulated relatively little. There was no apparent relationship between the incidence of mortality and tissue accumulation of mercury. Egg production and egg quality were unaffected by the source of herring meal in the diet. Most of the mercury in the eggs was present in the albumen and the overall average concentrations of 47 and 40 p.p.b. in the albumen and 16 and 15 p.p.b. in the yolks of the eggs from the hens fed the respective meals reflected the difference in the mercury concentration in the meals. The concentration of mercury in the eggs did not increase with the length of time during which the herring meals were fed. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were not affected by the source of herring meal fed. ABSTRACTTwo herring meals containing 0.17 and 0.22 p.p.m. of mercury respectively were fed to broilers at dietary levels of 5, 10 and 17.1%. The amounts of mercury present in the diet from this source thus varied from 0.0085 to 0.0376 p.p.m. Growth rate and mortality to eight weeks of age were unaffected by the level or source of herring meal in the diet. The amount of mercury ingested by the birds fed any of the diets resulted in negligible effects on the concentration of mercury present in breast or leg muscle. There was, however, significant accumulation of mercury in liver, kidney, claw and feather tissue, which reflected the dietary concentration of mercury. The amount present in the feathers was high as 0.845 p.p.m. This amount may be sufficiently high to warrant concern when feathers are processed into meal.

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Effects on Chickens of Chronic Exposure to Mercury at Low Levels Through Dietary Fish Meal

et al. 1974

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“…Warnick, R. E., and J. O. Anderson, 1968b. Studies by Smart and Lloyd (1963), Tejning and Westerberg (1964), and Howell (1969) have shown that feeding high levels of seed coated with various mercury compounds to poultry (as much as 5 p.p.m. Poultry Sci.…”

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The Comparative Effect of Oral Ingestion of Methyl Mercury on Chicks and Rats

et al. 1973

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1968a. Limiting essential amino acids in soybean meal for growing chickens and the effect of heat upon the availability of the essential amino acids. Poultry Sci. ABSTRACTTwo experiments with day-old chicks and one experiment with weanling rats were conducted to determine: (1) whether low levels of mercury found in some feedstuffs would result in hazardous accumulations of mercury in their tissues, and (2) the effects of feeding various dietary levels of methyl mercury to chicks and rats. Data show that feeding animal protein (fish meal) containing higher than normal levels of mercury did not result in the concentration of mercury in poultry tissues that exceeded FDA guideline levels. In fact, breast muscle concentration of mercury averaged only 0.1 p.p.m. even when the fish meal made up 17% of the diet. Significant amounts of mercury were deposited in the feathers of the test birds. At 16.9 p.p.m. dietary mercury as methyl mercuric chloride, all chicks succumbed to mercury toxicity by 17 days of age. Total mercury dose was 28.3 mg./kg. body weight. At this level of dietary mercury, brain, liver, and breast tissue of chicks at death contained 19, 47, and 15 p.p.m., respectively. Within limits, tissue concentrations of mercury were proportional to dietary levels. After 7 weeks of mercury exposure chicks retained an average of 63% of the mercury consumed. During a 21-day depletion period, chicks excreted an average of 0.66% of the total body burden of mercury per day. Thus biological half-lives can be calculated to average about 97 days for all dietary levels. Rats fed diets containing 16 p.p.m. mercury did not show outward signs of toxicity until the 6th week of treatment. After 12 weeks of mercury exposure, the total mercury dose was 84 mg./kg. body weight. None of the rats receiving lower levels of mercury showed symptoms of toxicity. Liver and brain mercury levels in rats fed 16 p.p.m. mercury averaged 26 and 12 p.p.m., respectively. Male rats generally had higher tissue levels of mercury than females. In general, rats tolerated the highest level of dietary methyl mercury for a longer period of time than chicks which consumed three times as much mercury and deposited less mercury in their tissues.

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“…Forty-eight hr after injection of estradiol benzoate or distilled water, these birds, as well as eight laying quail, were injected with 2"'Hg(NO3)2. Feces and urine were col lected 1,3,6,12,24,48,72, and 96 hr after injection of the radiomercury.…”

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Effect of Estrogenization on the Distribution of Radiomercury in Quail

Nishimura

Urakawa

1972

Jpn.J.Pharmacol

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It is known that mercury derivatives are transported into eggs developing in the reproduc tive organs of birds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)). An egg consists of three components; yolk which develops in the ovary, albumen and shell which are secreted from the site of magnum and the site of uterus of the oviduct, respectively (13). It is known also that alkoxy mercury deriva tives (9, 10) and inorganic mercury (10, 12) are transported mostly into egg yolk, and alkyl mercury compounds into egg albumen (1, 3, 5, 6, 10) and shell (1). The difference in the mode of the transportation may be due to the difference in chemical form among these mercurials (9, 12).
On the other hand, the onset of laying in domestic fowls is accompanied by changes in the majority of the plasma components (13-30). Similar changes in the plasma were induced in immature pullets, nonlaying hens, cockerels, and other birds by treatment with estrogens (20,23,. Large quantities of phospholipids and phosphoprotein in the serum of the laying hen are synthesized in the liver in response to estrogens (20,49,52), and the phospholipids and the phosphoprotein are transported and accumulated into ovarian follicles (20).
Rissanen and Mietinen reported that inorganic mercury or alkoxy mercury derivatives possibly bound to the yolk proteins (9). These forms of mercurials would be transported into ovarian follicles via the circurating blood plasma in a yolk-protein bound form. There is a possibility that retention of mercury in birds may be controlled by treatment with es trogens. In this paper, the effect of estrogenization on distribution of radiomercury is compared between male and immature female quail and laying quail, and interrelationship among all the four entities, i.e., laying plsama, estrogens, plasma radiomercury, and yolk radiomercury, is discussed. METHODSQuail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) used in this experiment were of the JQ-NIBS closed strain and were supplied by the Nippon Institute for Biological Science Tachikawa. Both immature female and adult male quail of 4 and 6 weeks, respectively, were employed.Weight was approx. 90 g each while the laying quail weighed approx. 130 g. Quail which

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Mercury residues in eggs, flesh and livers of hens fed on wheat treated with methylmercury dicyandiamide

Cited by 33 publications

References 2 publications

Effects on Chickens of Chronic Exposure to Mercury at Low Levels Through Dietary Fish Meal

Effects on Chickens of Chronic Exposure to Mercury at Low Levels Through Dietary Fish Meal

The Comparative Effect of Oral Ingestion of Methyl Mercury on Chicks and Rats

Effect of Estrogenization on the Distribution of Radiomercury in Quail

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