“…The LOI dependence on FSF is additionally confirmed by a statistically significant correlation between the contribution of these parameters in the analysed sediments ( R Spearman = 0.76, p = 0.000) (Table A3 ). Similar correlations in surface sediments of the Baltic Sea were noted, among others, by Bełdowski and Pempkowiak ( 2003 ), Jędruch et al ( 2015 , 2018 ), Kwasigroch et al ( 2018 ) and Jędruch and Bełdowska ( 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 85%
“…The LOI dependence on FSF is additionally confirmed by a statistically significant correlation between the contribution of these parameters in the analysed sediments (R Spearman = 0.76, p = 0.000) (Table A3). Similar correlations in surface sediments of the Baltic Sea were noted, among others, by Bełdowski and Pempkowiak (2003), Jędruch et al (2015Jędruch et al ( , 2018, Kwasigroch et al (2018) and Jędruch and Bełdowska (2020). The proportions of Hg varied greatly among the determined three labile forms (adsorbed Hg, mainly bound with halides (Hg ads1 ), Hg absorbed in organic matter (Hg abs ), adsorbed Hg oxide and Hg sulphate (Hg ads2 )) and two stable forms (HgS and residual Hg) in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea.…”
Section: Surface Sedimentssupporting
confidence: 78%
“…In SPM collected in the Baltic, the proportion of the dominant form Hg ads1 was higher than that measured in the SPM introduced into the Southern Baltic via rivers, such as the Reda (25-44%) or the Gizdepka (44-48%)-in these watercourses, the predominant form was Hg in organic bonds, whose proportion reached 61% (Saniewska et al 2019). A similar proportion of Hg forms was also observed in the SPM in the Southern Baltic coastal zone, where the contribution of Hg ads1 ranged from 26 to 39%, while the proportion of Hg abs was predominant and accounted for about 50% of Hg TOT (Jędruch and Bełdowska 2020). The high proportion of Hg abs in the riverine SPM and in the coastal zone of the sea can be associated with high primary production, which may include the presence of phytoplankton, in which the share of Hg in organic bonds is much higher (Le Faucher et al 2014;Gosnell and Mason 2015;Bełdowska et al 2018).…”
The study aimed to determine the level of mercury (Hg) and its labile and stable forms in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea. The work considers the impact of current and historical sources of Hg on sediment pollution, together with the influence of different environmental parameters, including water inflows from the North Sea. Surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected in 2016–2017 at 91 stations located in different areas of the Baltic Sea, including Belt Sea, Arkona Basin, Bornholm Basin, Gdańsk Basin, West Gotland Basin, East Gotland Basin, and the Bothnian Sea. Besides, the particulate matter suspended in the surface and near-bottom water was also collected. The analysis of total Hg concentration and individual Hg forms in collected samples was carried out using a 5-step thermodesorption method. This method allows for the identification of three labile and thus biologically available, fractions of Hg, which are mercury halides, organic Hg, mercury oxide and sulphate. Two stable fractions, mercury sulphide and residual Hg, were also determined. The highest Hg concentrations, reaching 341 ng g−1, were measured in the highly industrialised Kiel Bay, which was additionally a munition dumping site during and after World War II. High Hg level, ranging from 228 to 255 ng g−1, was also recorded in the surface sediments of the Arkona Basin, which was a result of the cumulative effect of several factors, such as deposition of Hg-rich riverine matter, favourable hydrodynamic conditions and military activities in the past. The relatively elevated Hg concentrations, varying from 60 to 264 ng g−1, were found in the Gdańsk Basin, a region under strong anthropopressure and dominated by soft sediments. The sum of labile Hg in sediments was high and averaged 67% (with the domination of organic Hg compounds), which means that a large part of Hg can be released to the water column. It was found that the water inflows from the North Sea intensify the remobilisation of Hg and its transformation into bioavailable labile forms. As a consequence, the load of Hg introduced into the trophic chain can increase. Despite the significant reduction of Hg emission into the Baltic in the last decades, surface sediments can be an important secondary Hg source in the marine ecosystem. This is especially dangerous in the case of the western Baltic Sea.
“…The LOI dependence on FSF is additionally confirmed by a statistically significant correlation between the contribution of these parameters in the analysed sediments ( R Spearman = 0.76, p = 0.000) (Table A3 ). Similar correlations in surface sediments of the Baltic Sea were noted, among others, by Bełdowski and Pempkowiak ( 2003 ), Jędruch et al ( 2015 , 2018 ), Kwasigroch et al ( 2018 ) and Jędruch and Bełdowska ( 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 85%
“…The LOI dependence on FSF is additionally confirmed by a statistically significant correlation between the contribution of these parameters in the analysed sediments (R Spearman = 0.76, p = 0.000) (Table A3). Similar correlations in surface sediments of the Baltic Sea were noted, among others, by Bełdowski and Pempkowiak (2003), Jędruch et al (2015Jędruch et al ( , 2018, Kwasigroch et al (2018) and Jędruch and Bełdowska (2020). The proportions of Hg varied greatly among the determined three labile forms (adsorbed Hg, mainly bound with halides (Hg ads1 ), Hg absorbed in organic matter (Hg abs ), adsorbed Hg oxide and Hg sulphate (Hg ads2 )) and two stable forms (HgS and residual Hg) in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea.…”
Section: Surface Sedimentssupporting
confidence: 78%
“…In SPM collected in the Baltic, the proportion of the dominant form Hg ads1 was higher than that measured in the SPM introduced into the Southern Baltic via rivers, such as the Reda (25-44%) or the Gizdepka (44-48%)-in these watercourses, the predominant form was Hg in organic bonds, whose proportion reached 61% (Saniewska et al 2019). A similar proportion of Hg forms was also observed in the SPM in the Southern Baltic coastal zone, where the contribution of Hg ads1 ranged from 26 to 39%, while the proportion of Hg abs was predominant and accounted for about 50% of Hg TOT (Jędruch and Bełdowska 2020). The high proportion of Hg abs in the riverine SPM and in the coastal zone of the sea can be associated with high primary production, which may include the presence of phytoplankton, in which the share of Hg in organic bonds is much higher (Le Faucher et al 2014;Gosnell and Mason 2015;Bełdowska et al 2018).…”
The study aimed to determine the level of mercury (Hg) and its labile and stable forms in the surface sediments of the Baltic Sea. The work considers the impact of current and historical sources of Hg on sediment pollution, together with the influence of different environmental parameters, including water inflows from the North Sea. Surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected in 2016–2017 at 91 stations located in different areas of the Baltic Sea, including Belt Sea, Arkona Basin, Bornholm Basin, Gdańsk Basin, West Gotland Basin, East Gotland Basin, and the Bothnian Sea. Besides, the particulate matter suspended in the surface and near-bottom water was also collected. The analysis of total Hg concentration and individual Hg forms in collected samples was carried out using a 5-step thermodesorption method. This method allows for the identification of three labile and thus biologically available, fractions of Hg, which are mercury halides, organic Hg, mercury oxide and sulphate. Two stable fractions, mercury sulphide and residual Hg, were also determined. The highest Hg concentrations, reaching 341 ng g−1, were measured in the highly industrialised Kiel Bay, which was additionally a munition dumping site during and after World War II. High Hg level, ranging from 228 to 255 ng g−1, was also recorded in the surface sediments of the Arkona Basin, which was a result of the cumulative effect of several factors, such as deposition of Hg-rich riverine matter, favourable hydrodynamic conditions and military activities in the past. The relatively elevated Hg concentrations, varying from 60 to 264 ng g−1, were found in the Gdańsk Basin, a region under strong anthropopressure and dominated by soft sediments. The sum of labile Hg in sediments was high and averaged 67% (with the domination of organic Hg compounds), which means that a large part of Hg can be released to the water column. It was found that the water inflows from the North Sea intensify the remobilisation of Hg and its transformation into bioavailable labile forms. As a consequence, the load of Hg introduced into the trophic chain can increase. Despite the significant reduction of Hg emission into the Baltic in the last decades, surface sediments can be an important secondary Hg source in the marine ecosystem. This is especially dangerous in the case of the western Baltic Sea.
“…J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 14 This supports the hypothesis that MeHg concentrations in aquatic food webs in general are the result of the combination of ecological dynamics influencing dietary exposure and physiological processes responsible for assimilation, transformation and elimination, and environmental factors particular to each area with an impact on contaminant mobility (Chételat et al, 2020;Jędruch and Beldowska, 2020;Kwon et al, 2012;Lemos-Bisi et al, 2012;Souza et al, 2020). Additionally, it has been suggested that in temperate freshwater lakes the level of sulfate in the water can enhance biomagnification, as it can have a strong, almost direct effect on Hg methylation (Gentés et al, 2021).…”
Section: Mercurysupporting
confidence: 53%
“…This suggests that the growth rate could modulate Hg concentrations (Lavoie et al, 2013;Poste et al, 2015;Simoneau et al, 2005;Tadiso et al, 2011). The influence of biological (morphological structure) and environmental (O 2 and pH) characteristics on Hg biomagnification has also been reported, as they are factors influencing Hg assimilation and mobility especially in macrofauna (Jędruch and Beldowska, 2020). For example, the age, sex, rapid growth of animals, as well as ontogenetic changes in diet, can affect MeHg concentrations.…”
Estuaries are the main entry areas of mercury to the marine environment and are important to understand the effect of this contaminant on marine organisms, since it accumulates in the sediments becoming available to enter the food trophic chain. This study aims to determine the environmental variables that mainly influence the spatiotemporal dynamics of total mercury accumulation in sediments of tropical estuaries. Sediment samples were collected from interior and exterior areas of the estuary during the dry and rainy seasons, representing the spatiotemporal gradients of the estuary. The grain size, organic matter content (OM), and total mercury concentration (THg) of the sediment samples were determined. In addition, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH of the water column associated with each sediment sample were assessed. The variations in environmental conditions, OM and THg in sediment were in accordance with a gradient which goes from conditions influenced by fresh water in the inner estuary to conditions influenced by sea water in the outer part of the estuary. The OM and THg in sediments presented similar variation patterns; they were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season and in the interior area of the estuary than in the exterior area. Despite the complex dynamic observed in the distribution and accumulation processes of mercury in sediments, these processes could be modeled from OM and salinity parameters. Due to the correlations found, in the process of accumulation of mercury in sediments the OM could represents the pathway of transport and accumulation of THg, and salinity could represent the influence of the hydroclimatic variations and environmental gradients of the estuary.
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