Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies in amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Silva, Ines A.; Nyland, Jennifer E.; Gorman, Andrew; Périssé, André Reynaldo Santos; Ventura, Ana Maria Revorêdo da Silva; Santos, E. C. O.; Souza, José Maria de; Burek, C. Lynne; Rose, Noel R.; Silbergeld, Ellen K.

doi:10.1186/1476-069x-3-11

Cited by 101 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. In a retrospective cross-sectional study from the same group Gardner and coworkers (Gardner et al, 2010) confirmed the results of Silva et al (2004). They found a higher prevalence of serum antinuclear (ANA) and antinucleolar (ANoA) antibodies in gold miners exposed to mercury, as compared with workers employed in other minerals mining with non-occupational exposure to mercury.…”

Section: Immunotoxicitysupporting

confidence: 66%

Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans (Part I – Data on organic mercury)

Hassauer

Kaiser

Schneider

et al. 2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

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It was the scope of this project to collate, compile and summarise the scientific literature on the toxicity of methyl mercury, inorganic mercury and total mercury in humans and experimental animals published since 2002 and not evaluated in former JECFA risk assessments. Epidemiological data on MeHg toxicity confirmed former findings on an association between prenatal exposure and developmental neurotoxicity. Recent findings also support an influence of methyl mercury on the cardiovascular and immune system. Existing epidemiological data reveal several shortcomings limiting their suitability for risk assessment. Developmental neurotoxicity seems to be the most critical effect of MeHg in animals. A LOAEL of 0.01 mg/kg b.w. per day has been reported in young mice for locomotor activity exposed in utero. Rats seem to be less sensitive towards this endpoint: a NOAEL of 0.04 mg/kg b.w. per day has been reported in this species for locomotor activity. Systemic effects other than neurotoxicity have been mostly observed at higher doses than those producing neurotoxicity. No qualified epidemiological data appropriate for the evaluation of the toxicity of inorganic mercury after oral intake have been identified due to several limitations of the studies, e.g. small study group, insufficient control for confounders, inadequate exposure assessment. Toxicological studies in experimental animals widely confirmed former findings with respect to the target organs (neuro-, liver-, kidney-, immune-and reproductive toxicity, oxidative stress). The animal studies indicate that there might be relevant toxicological effects (developmental toxicity, liver toxicity) of inorganic mercury at dose levels similar or below the BMDL 10 value used for the derivation of the existing PTWI. However, due to some limitations of the studies no final conclusions can be drawn from these studies and the findings need further confirmation.

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Section: Immunotoxicitysupporting

confidence: 66%

Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans (Part I – Data on organic mercury)

Hassauer

Kaiser

Schneider

et al. 2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

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“…Based on studies of developmental immunotoxicity by metals and evidence of autoimmune dysfunction among mercuryexposed populations (Silva et al, 2004) it is likely that the immunophenotypic changes that we found to be induced by prenatal mercury exposure will be persistent (Miller et al, 1998) and could potentially develop into altered immune responses later in adulthood. Thus, our study demonstrates the potential health risks associated with intrauterine metal exposure to include phenotypic changes related to postnatal immune dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Prenatal HgCl₂Exposure Alters Fetal Cell Phenotypes

Pilones¹,

Lai²,

Gavalchin³

2007

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Here we sought to determine whether prenatal exposure to subtoxic levels of inorganic mercury induced modulations in the fetal immune repertoire. After overnight breeding of female BALB/c and male DBA/1 mice, pregnant females were exposed to 10 mg/l mercuric chloride in drinking water. DBF 1 pups were examined at day 16 of gestation for immunophenotypic changes in the fetal thymus and liver. While total thymocyte counts remained comparable to unexposed controls, intrauterine mercury exposure was found to modulate several immune phenotypes in the fetal thymus. Specifically, we saw an increase in the percentages of double negative (DN, CD4 − CD8 − ) cells as well as a reduction in the numbers of cells representing activation phenotypes (CD4 + CD25 + ). In the liver, we observed modulations that suggested skewing of the development of B220+ -expressing cells with mercury exposure. Further, we saw increased populations of thymic and splenic lymphocytes reactive with a pathogenic idiotypic determinant Id LN F 1, which is associated with spontaneous autoimmune nephritis in (NZB × SWR)F 1 (SNF 1 ) mice. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that dysregulation of the Id LN F 1 idiotypic network, particularly the expansion of idiotype-reactive T-and B-lymphocytes, is key in the development of lupus nephritis in the autoimmune SNF 1 mouse. These studies show that acute exposure to relatively low levels of inorganic mercury in utero may alter the fetal immune repertoire which could potentially modulate post-natal immune responses.

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“…26 Others have suggested that the mercury toxicity may be associated with an increased immunologic susceptibility to malaria, 44 and exposure to mercury during gold mining has been associated with malaria prevalence, 45 although the potential causality of this association is still unclear. Increased levels of mercury 46 and mercury genotoxicity were observed in illegal gold miners from MdD and Peru overall, 47 but this theory still requires further empiric validation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unstable Malaria Transmission in the Southern Peruvian Amazon and Its Association with Gold Mining, Madre de Dios, 2001–2012

et al. 2016

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Abstract. The reemergence of malaria in the last decade in Madre de Dios, southern Peruvian Amazon basin, was accompanied by ecological, political, and socioeconomic changes related to the proliferation of illegal gold mining. We conducted a secondary analysis of passive malaria surveillance data reported by the health networks in Finally, health facilities located > 1 km from the Interoceanic Highway reported significantly more cases than health facilities within this distance (ratio = 16.20, 95% CI = 8.25, 31.80). Transmission of malaria in Madre de Dios is unstable, geographically heterogeneous, and strongly associated with illegal gold mining. These findings highlight the importance of spatially oriented interventions to control malaria in Madre de Dios, as well as the need for research on malaria transmission in illegal gold mining camps. BACKGROUND

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Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies in amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 101 publications

References 47 publications

Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans (Part I – Data on organic mercury)

Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans (Part I – Data on organic mercury)

Prenatal HgCl₂Exposure Alters Fetal Cell Phenotypes

Unstable Malaria Transmission in the Southern Peruvian Amazon and Its Association with Gold Mining, Madre de Dios, 2001–2012

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Mercury exposure, malaria, and serum antinuclear/antinucleolar antibodies in amazon populations in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 101 publications

References 47 publications

Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans (Part I – Data on organic mercury)

Collate the literature on toxicity data on mercury in experimental animals and humans (Part I – Data on organic mercury)

Prenatal HgCl2Exposure Alters Fetal Cell Phenotypes

Unstable Malaria Transmission in the Southern Peruvian Amazon and Its Association with Gold Mining, Madre de Dios, 2001–2012

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Prenatal HgCl₂Exposure Alters Fetal Cell Phenotypes