Mercury as a hapten: A review of the role of toxicant-induced brain autoantibodies in autism and possible treatment considerations

Kern, Janet K.; Mehta, Jyutika; Homme, Kristin G.; Geier, Mark R.

doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126504

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Also, suggesting a possible immunological process in autism, Kern et al [ 14 ] found that brain autoantibody levels in autistic children were higher than those in the control group. Lekman et.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, [ 17 ] have found that anti-ganglioside M1 antibodies levels had significant positive correlations with the degree of the severity of autism which may be due to the larger sample size in the latter study. Also, [ 14 ] found that brain autoantibody levels in autistic patients showed significant correlation with autism severity. The children in the latter study were all exposed to mercury that may have elicited the production of autoantibodies, unlike the present study; therefore, this may have led to different results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies in Egyptian children with autism: a cross-sectional comparative study

Hamed

Ayoub

Samie

et al. 2022

Middle East Curr Psychiatry

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Background Autism may be one of the pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders, and several studies investigated the frequency of serum anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies in children with autism, as possible indicators of autoimmunity to the brain. The current study aimed to compare the level of anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies between autistic and normally developed children and to study the correlation between the level of anti-ganglioside M1 autoatibodies and the severity of autism. Forty children with autism and 40 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale was used to assess the severity of autism in the patient group at the time of the study. The clinical and demographic data were recorded and plasma anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies level was measured in both groups. Results The mean anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies level was significantly higher in autistic patients compared to the control group. The anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies level in patients with mild to moderate severity was insignificantly lower than its level in patients with severe autism. Conclusions Plasma anti-ganglioside MI autoantibodies levels are higher in autistic patients than in healthy controls which may imply that some cases of autism may be autoimmune in nature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies in Egyptian children with autism: a cross-sectional comparative study

Hamed

Ayoub

Samie

et al. 2022

Middle East Curr Psychiatry

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“…The role of mercury in the formation of various neuropathologies is well known (O'Donoghue et al, 2020), including neurodegenerative diseases (Cariccio et al, 2019); it has been proven, in particular (Lee et al, 2018;Bjørklund et al, 2019;Siblerud et al, 2019;Azar et al, 2021), that mercury can cause the development of Alzheimer's disease. It can also lead to the development of brain tumors (Bjørklund et al, 2020) and the development of autism in children (Kern et al, 2020;Kaur et al, 2021), which is caused by disturbances in the machinery of neuro(morpho)genesis and impaired efficiency of connectome development (Abbot and Nigussie, 2021). Such effects may be due to exposure to mercury at the early stages of development, as well as at the most vulnerable stages of age-related physiology (Dórea et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector field techniques for the detection of neuronal dynamics in the presence of mercury

Градов

2022

LFWB

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Abstract. The role of mercury in the development of various neuropathologies is well known. The biogeochemical cycles of mercury indicate the possibility of its introduction into various organisms (including humans) through the corresponding trophic chains. However, as it turns out from the literature analysis, until recent years, there have been almost no works on the dynamic microscopic study (either in situ or in vivo) of the processes of connectome involution in aquatic organisms (including fishes, marine mammals, etc.) under the action of mercury. In this regard, we attempted to study the dynamics of morphogenesis and breakdown of the emerging connectome under the mercury exposure. A dynamic study of frames with the dynamics of the axonal path search was carried out in a series with an address-time code, on which it is possible to track the vector fields of displacements and reaction-diffusion processes in the cell culture immediately after the introduction of a drop of mercury or a mercury-containing liquid using capillary pipettes. This paper describes the observed effects and the possible mechanisms underlying them.

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“…However, in 2006, the WHO concluded that there was no relationship between vaccines containing TM and neurological troubles in vaccinated children [14]. Nowadays, the controversy is still open [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Ethylmercury, generated from TM is assumed to pass through the blood-brain barrier, resulting in Hg accumulating in the brain [21], where it may cause oxidative stress [22] and alter brain autoantibodies formation [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, the controversy is still open [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Ethylmercury, generated from TM is assumed to pass through the blood-brain barrier, resulting in Hg accumulating in the brain [21], where it may cause oxidative stress [22] and alter brain autoantibodies formation [20]. The WHO limit for inorganic Hg in drinking water is 0.006 mg L -1 [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights on the UV/TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Thiomersal and its 2-Sulfobenzoic Acid Product

et al. 2021

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Background: Thiomersal (TM), a complex between 2-mercaptobenzoic acid (2-MBA) and ethylmercury (C2H5Hg+), is an antimicrobial preservative used in immunological, ophthalmic, cosmetic products, and vaccines. Objective: TM has been treated by UV/TiO2 photocatalysis in the presence or absence of oxygen at acidic pH. C2H5Hg+, 2-MBA, and 2-sulfobenzoic acid (2-SBA) were found as products. A 2-SBA photocatalytic treatment was undertaken to study sulfur evolution. Methods: Photocatalytic runs were performed using a UVA lamp (λmax = 352 nm), open to the air or under N2. A suspension of the corresponding TM or 2-SBA salt and TiO2 was prepared, and pH was adjusted. Suspensions were stirred in the dark for 30 min and then irradiated. TM, 2-MBA, 2-SBA, and C2H5Hg+ were quantified by HPLC, sulfur by TXRF, and the deposits on the photocatalyst were analyzed by chemical reactions. The mineralization degree was followed by TOC. Sulfate was determined using BaCl2 at 580 nm. Results: Photocatalytic destruction of TM and total C2H5Hg+ was complete under N2 and air, but TM degradation was much faster in air. The evolution of TM and the products followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics. Conclusion: TiO2-photocatalytic degradation is a suitable technique for the treatment of TM and its degradation products. In contrast to other organomercurial compounds, TM degradation is faster in the presence of O2, indicating that the oxidative mechanism is the preferred pathway. A significant TM mineralization (> 60%, NPOC and total S) was obtained. TM was more easily degraded than 2-SBA. Sulfate was the final product.

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Mercury as a hapten: A review of the role of toxicant-induced brain autoantibodies in autism and possible treatment considerations

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies in Egyptian children with autism: a cross-sectional comparative study

Anti-ganglioside M1 autoantibodies in Egyptian children with autism: a cross-sectional comparative study

Vector field techniques for the detection of neuronal dynamics in the presence of mercury

New Insights on the UV/TiO2 Photocatalytic Treatment of Thiomersal and its 2-Sulfobenzoic Acid Product

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