Mercury Accumulation in Marine Sediments – A Comparison of an Upwelling Area and Two Large River Mouths

Abstract

Understanding marine mercury (Hg) biogeochemistry is crucial, as the consumption of Hg-enriched ocean fish is the most important pathway of Hg uptake in humans. Although ocean sediments are seen as the ultimate Hg sink, marine sediment studies on Hg accumulation are still rare. In this context, studying Hg behavior in the marine environment, especially in upwelling environments, is of particular interest due to its importance in these great upwelling regions for the global fishery. There are contradictory statements about the fate of Hg in upwelling regions. Some studies have suggested high biotic reduction of oxidized Hg and gaseous elemental mercury evasion to the atmosphere. More recent work has suggested that in upwelling regions, where productivity is high, evasion of gaseous elemental mercury is diminished due to scavenging and sedimentation of Hg by organic particles. In this study, we compared Hg concentrations and accumulation rates in the past ∼4,300 and 19,400 years derived from sediment cores collected in the Peruvian upwelling region (Peru Margin) and compared them with those of two other cores collected from the sediment fan of the Amazon and a core from the Congo Basin, which is influenced by both seasonal coastal upwelling and discharge from the river. Median Hg concentrations were higher at the Peru Margin (90.7 μg kg–1) and in the Congo Basin (93.4 μg kg–1) than in the Amazon Fan (35.8 μg kg–1). The average Hg accumulation rates in sediments from the Peru Margin (178 μg m–2 yr–1) were factors of ∼4 and ∼39 times higher than those from the Congo Basin (46.7 μg m–2 yr–1) and Amazon Fan (4.52 μg m–2 yr–1), respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the geochemical data set reveals that Amazon Fan sediments are strongly influenced by the deposition of terrestrial material, which is of less importance in the Congo Basin and of minor importance in Peru Margin sediments. Accordingly, Hg export to sediments in upwelling areas largely surpasses that in fans of large rivers that drain large terrestrial catchments. The high Hg accumulation rates in the sediments from the upwelling area and the minor influence of terrestrial Hg fluxes there suggest that atmospheric-derived Hg in upwelling areas is effectively exported to the sediments through scavenging by organic particles.

Upwelling Enhances Hg Particle Scavenging in the California Current Ecosystem

“…However, subduction is typically more signi cant in offshore, oligotrophic regions than in upwelling zones. 32 Therefore, our estimated Hg sinking ux remains valid and has strong positive relationship with upwelling.Similar observations of high Hg sedimentation related to sorption and scavenging was found in the other regions with upwellings (e.g., Antarctic, Peruvian upwelling) [17][18][19] .…”

“…While studies have highlighted the signi cant input of Hg species to mixed layer due to upwelling, 5,15,16 Zaferani et al (2021) observed high Hg export to sediment in the Peruvian upwelling region, 17 suggesting substantial particle scavenging associated with upwelling. In addition, they noted elevated Hg accumulation rates in the Southern Ocean where high primary production occurs 18 , highlighting the link between Hg cycling and primary production.…”

Dimethylmercury as a Source of Monomethylmercury in a Highly Productive Upwelling System

“…13 One explanation is that increased scavenging and remineralization results in increased rates of Hg accumulation within sediment cores, which is correlated with marine productivity. 56 Within these systems, the high THg concentrations remain along the coast, and due to the elevated productivity in the region, upwelling systems are a prime location for Hg incorporation into food webs.…”

An updated review of the salient geomedical aspects of mercury for enhancement of data quality in simulation modelling and other prognostic applications: Africa case descriptions

“…Redeposition of Hg 0 mainly as Hg ++ (because Hg 0 is oxidised in the atmosphere) takes place on terrestrial surfaces by dry deposition, including foliar uptake, sorption, and gas dissolution (Enrico et al, 2016). The ultimate deposition of Hg, probably as HgS ore, is believed to be in ocean sediments (Sanei et al, 2021;Zaferani and Biester, 2021), where part of the inorganic Hg emitted becomes oxidised to Hg ++ and then methylated or in other ways transformed into organomercurials (WHO, 2000;Ignatavičius et al, 2022).…”