Merciful Father, Impersonal State: Russian Autocracy in Comparative Perspective

Abstract

Comparative analyses traditionally have done Russian history no favors. Invidious comparisons have situated Russia firmly in a context of backwardness relative to the West. The term ‘medieval’ customarily applies to Russia until the era of Peter the Great, that is, until the early eighteenth century, and even the least condemnatory scholars point out similarities between Muscovite Russia of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries and early medieval tribal formations of northern Europe. Along with ‘backwardness,’ comparative history has customarily found in Russia an example of extraordinarily oppressive autocratic despotism, while at the same time, and omewhat contradictorily, decrying the incompetence and rampant corruption of the central state apparatus. These and other unflattering comparative generalizations arose in the observations of Western travellers who recorded their impressions of Russia in the early modern period and have continued in the writings of scholars and journalists to this day.

Systems and Senses: New Research on Muscovy and the Historiography on Early Modern Europe

“…The methodological challenge to extend this approach to Muscovy in its contemporary European context should be met, now that larger spatial contexts of Muscovite history, notably the "Eurasian" one, are already being discussed. 13 The historiography on early modern Europe is a jungle, however, and it is legitimate for the historian of Muscovy to think twice before entering it. At least until the first half of the 20th century, national historical schools in Europe projected the contradictions of their own time back onto earlier periods.…”