Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants

Eckert, Elisabeth; Schmid, Klaus; Schaller, Barbara; Hiddemann-Koca, Kerstin; Drexler, Hans; Göen, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.03.001

Cited by 59 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Cotinine in urine was determined using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry procedure validated and published by the working group “Analyses in biological materials” [14]. In brief, cotinine was extracted from the urine using dichloromethane and quantified after gas chromatographic separation by mass spectrometry in single ion monitoring mode [15]. Deuterated cotinine was used as an internal standard.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to tobacco smoke based on urinary cotinine levels among Israeli smoking and nonsmoking adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the first Israeli human biomonitoring study

et al. 2013

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BackgroundCotinine levels provide a valid measure of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The goal of this study was to examine exposure to tobacco smoke among smoking and nonsmoking Israeli adults and to identify differences in ETS exposure among nonsmokers by socio-demographic factors.MethodsWe analyzed urinary cotinine data from the first Israeli human biomonitoring study conducted in 2011. In-person questionnaires included data on socio-demographic and active smoking status. Cotinine levels were measured using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry procedure. We calculated creatinine-adjusted urinary cotinine geometric means (GM) among smokers and nonsmokers, and by socio-demographic, smoking habits and dietary factors. We analyzed associations, in a univariable and multivariable analysis, between socio-demographic variables and proportions of urinary cotinine ≥1 μg/l (Limit of Quantification = LOQ) or ≥4 μg/l.ResultsCotinine levels were significantly higher among 91 smokers (GM = 89.7 μg/g creatinine; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 47.4-169.6) than among 148 nonsmokers (GM = 1.3; 1.1-1.7). Among exclusive waterpipe smokers, cotinine levels were relatively high (GM = 53.4; 95% CI 12.3-232.7). ETS exposure was widespread as 62.2% of nonsmokers had levels ≥ LOQ, and was higher in males (75.8%) than in females (52.3%). In a multivariable model, urinary cotinine ≥ LOQ was higher in males (Prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.02-1.64, p = 0.032) and in those with lower educational status (PR = 1.58; 1.04-2.38, p = 0.031) and decreased with age (PR = 0.99; 0.98-1.00, p = 0.020, per one additional year). There were no significant differences by ethnicity, residence type or country of birth.ConclusionsOur findings indicate widespread ETS exposure in the nonsmoking Israeli adult population, especially among males, and younger and less educated participants. These findings demonstrate the importance of human biomonitoring, were instrumental in expanding smoke-free legislation implemented in Israel on July 2012 and will serve as a baseline to measure the impact of the new legislation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to tobacco smoke based on urinary cotinine levels among Israeli smoking and nonsmoking adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the first Israeli human biomonitoring study

et al. 2013

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“…In spot urine of 14 non-smokers, Schettgen et al [99] were able to determine 3-HPMA in a concentration of 155 mg/L (median, range 37-730 mg/L). Eckert et al [100] found a 3-HPMA concentration of 179 mg/L (median, range 32.6-2325 mg/L) in 54 non-smokers. Assuming that the urine production was 1.5 L/day and 50% of the acrolein taken up was excreted as 3-HPMA, the recorded data of the two studies would lead to an acrolein exposure of 124 mg/day (median, range 30-585 mg/day) and 143 mg/day (range 26-1862 mg/day) respectively.…”

Section: Acrolein Exposure Assessment By Determination Of the Mercaptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies document that tobacco smoke has high acrolein contents and smokers have a significantly higher acrolein exposure than nonsmokers (e.g. 3-HPMA median 1219 mg/L for smokers compared to 179 mg/L for non-smokers [100] [101].…”

Section: Acrolein Exposure Assessment By Determination Of the Mercaptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicology and risk assessment of acrolein in food

Abraham

Andres

Palavinskas

et al. 2011

Molecular Nutrition Food Res

141

126

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Acrolein is an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde formed by thermal treatment of animal and vegetable fats, carbohydrates and amino acids. In addition it is generated endogenously. As an electrophile, acrolein forms adducts with gluthathione and other cellular components and is therefore cytotoxic. Mutagenicity was shown in some in vitro tests. Acrolein forms different DNA adducts in vivo, but mutagenic and cancerogenous effects have not been demonstrated for oral exposure. In subchronic oral studies, local lesions were detected in the stomach of rats. Systemic effects have not been reported from basic studies. A WHO working group established a tolerable oral acrolein intake of 7.5 μg/kg body weight/day. Acrolein exposure via food cannot be assessed due to analytical difficulties and the lack of reliable content measurements. Human biomonitoring of an acrolein urinary metabolite allows rough estimates of acrolein exposure in the range of a few μg/kg body weight/day. High exposure could be ten times higher after the consumption of certain foods. Although the estimation of the dietary acrolein exposure is associated with uncertainties, it is concluded that a health risk seems to be unlikely.

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“…Zusätzlich wird für die DHPMA bei einem Kollektiv der Allgemeinbevölkerung eine erhebliche Hintergrundbelastung gezeigt, so dass dieser Parameter offensichtlich auch physiologisch gebildet wird. Dabei zeigt sich eine geringe Schwankungsbreite und ein Bezug zur Kreatininausscheidung (Eckert et al 2011). Für CHPMA wird keine Hintergrundausscheidung beobachtet .…”

Section: Auswahl Der Indikatorenunclassified

1‐Chlor‐2,3‐epoxypropan (Epichlorhydrin) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2017]

Göen

Bader

Drexler

et al. 2017

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated EKA (exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances) for epichlorohydrin (CAS‐No 106‐89‐8) in 2017. Available publications are described in detail. In rodents, epichlorohydrin induces malignant lymphomas, hyperplasias, forestomach papillomas and carcinomas, subcutaneous fibromas and lung and pituitary tumours. Epichlorohydrin was classified in category 2 for carcinogenic substances. The substance can easily pass through the skin, so biological monitoring is indicated for a valid individual risk assessment. In several biomonitoring studies the mercapturic acids derivatives N‐acetyl‐S‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐L‐cysteine (CHPMA) and N‐acetyl‐S‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)‐L‐cysteine (DHPMA) in urine as well as the hemoglobin adducts N‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl)valine and N‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)valine are suggested as biomarkers after epichlorohydrin exposure. Validated analytical procedures for their quantification are available. Data of a correlation of epichlorohydrin in the air and the CHPMA‐excretion in urine were considered for the evaluation of exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or end of shift and after long term exposure at the end of the shift after several shifts.

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Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants

Cited by 59 publications

References 38 publications

Exposure to tobacco smoke based on urinary cotinine levels among Israeli smoking and nonsmoking adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the first Israeli human biomonitoring study

Exposure to tobacco smoke based on urinary cotinine levels among Israeli smoking and nonsmoking adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the first Israeli human biomonitoring study

Toxicology and risk assessment of acrolein in food

1‐Chlor‐2,3‐epoxypropan (Epichlorhydrin) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2017]

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