Mental health outcome of long-term and episodic adolescent depression: 15-year follow-up of a community sample

A latent class analysis of trauma based on a nationally representative sample of US adolescents

“…Despite the fact that it is hard to compare this research to past work, in that few studies have examined clinical disorders with reference to latent trauma classes; previous research has found substance use disorders to frequently appear comorbidly with other clinical disorders, particularly mood and anxiety disorder [54]. Whilst previous work has shown that substance use disorders are more likely to appear comorbidly with mood disorders [55], other work has found evidence of high rates of substance use and anxiety disorder comorbidity, especially amongst females [56] and particularly with PTSD [57]. Previous research has also found evidence that over half (57.5 %) of those with a substance use disorder occurring comorbidly with an anxiety disorder, particularly PTSD was more likely to have had their most upsetting traumatic experience before the onset of either disorder [58].…”

Subthreshold depression in children and adolescents – a systematic review

“…MDD total b 1.8% (CI 0.0-3.6%) Cooper and Goodyer (1993) N ¼ 1072 girls (11-16y), 'partial syndrome' (DSM-III-R) (∼minD, but additional SD criteria) SD total 20,7% (SE pop 1.90); MDD total 6.0% ( SD total 3.5% (SE 0.6); MDD total 3.4% (SE 0.6) SD male 2.5% (SE 0.7); MDD male 2.4% (SE 0.7) SD female 4.6% (SE 0.9); MDD female 4.5% (SE 0.9) Ford et al (2003) N A Swedish study found 'conflicts with parents' and 'physical abuse at home' to be significantly correlated with both baseline SD (18.4%; 11.8%) and MDD (20.7%; 14.0%) (Jonsson et al, 2011). 'Economic hardship/parental unemployment' was only associated with baseline MDD.…”

“…Demography was reported for 20 studies, and was either mixed (13 studies) or urban (seven studies). Publication years spanned from Kashani et al (1983) to Jonsson et al (2011).…”

“…Thirteen studies addressed possible etiologic factors for SD, but only three within a longitudinal design (Oldehinkel et al, 1999;Jonsson et al, 2011;Rohde et al, 2009). However, seven studies examined gender, age or ethnicity as possible risk factors, resembling a prospective design where 'exposure' is manifest prior to outcome.…”

Mindful Parenting and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Few Associations Are Moderated by Adolescent Gender and Parental Depressive Symptoms

“…During adolescence, the prevalence of depressive disorder and elevated symptoms of depression increase (Costello et al 2011;Saluja et al 2004), with girls being at heightened risk compared to boys (Hankin et al 1998;Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus 1994;Saluja et al 2004). Depressive disorder as well as heightened symptoms of depression during adolescence increases the risk for depression in adulthood (Epkins and Heckler 2011;Jonsson et al 2011;Pine et al 1999). Therefore, identifying risk and protective factors in the development of adolescent depressive symptoms is very important.…”