Mental Health of Adolescents in the Pandemic: Long-COVID-19 or Long-Pandemic Syndrome?

Blankenburg, Judith; Wekenborg, Magdalena; Reichert, J.; Kirsten, Claudia; Kahre, Elisabeth; Haag, Luise; Schumm, Leonie; Czyborra, Paula; Berner, Reinhard; Armann, Jakob

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3844826

Cited by 14 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…The prevalence of long COVID-19 in children varies remarkably depending on the studies, ranging from 4% to 66% (Table 1) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Studies are very heterogeneous, differing in sample size, the median age of the included population, duration and modalities of follow-up.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Long Covid In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, six studies compared children infected with COVID-19 and a control group [14,16,18,19,21,23] and four [14,16,18,23] reported a higher prevalence of symptoms in children affected by COVID, suggesting long COVID syndrome.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blankenburg et al [19] enrolled a total of 1560 students (median age, 15 yrs), of which 1365 (88%) were seronegative for COVID-19 and 188 (12%) seropositive. The children were asked to complete a validated questionnaire with 12 questions on the occurrence and frequency of pain and relevant neurocognitive or mood symptoms within the last seven days.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19), has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide [1][2][3]. In children, the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is often asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic, and life-threatening complications are rare [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long COVID in Children and Adolescents

Fainardi

Meoli

Chiopris

et al. 2022

Life

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. In children, the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is often asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic, and life-threatening complications are rare. Nevertheless, there are two long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children that raise concern: multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and long COVID. While the understanding and the experience regarding the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection have remarkably increased over time, scientific and clinical research is still exploring the long-term effects of COVID-19. In children, data on long COVID are scant. Reports are conflicting regarding its prevalence, duration and impact on daily life. This narrative review explored the latest literature regarding long COVID-19 in the pediatric population. We showed that long COVID in children might be a relevant clinical problem. In most cases, the prognosis is good, but some children may develop long-term symptoms with a significant impact on their daily life. The paucity of studies on long COVID, including a control group of children not infected by SARS-CoV-2, prevents us from drawing firm conclusions. Whether the neuropsychiatric symptoms widely observed in children and adolescents with long COVID are the consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection or are due to the tremendous stress resulting from the restrictions and the pandemics is still not clear. In both cases, psychological support can play a fundamental role in managing COVID pandemics in children. More knowledge is needed to share a standardized definition of the syndrome and improve its management and treatment.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Long Covid In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long COVID in Children and Adolescents

Fainardi

Meoli

Chiopris

et al. 2022

Life

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“…As our understanding of the long-term consequences of COVID-19 advances, reliable data on long COVID or the post-COVID-19 condition in children and adolescents accumulate. The incidence of this syndrome varies, reaching up to 30%, depending on the population assessed, methods of data collection and the time elapsed from the acute illness [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Nevertheless, the clustering of symptoms and the results of a large-scale controlled study provide evidence of the long-term physical and mental illness in some children recovering from COVID-19 [19].…”

Section: Long Covid In Children and Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of COVID-19 in Children and Its Prevention by Vaccination: A Joint Statement of the Israeli Pediatric Association and the Israeli Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

et al. 2022

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As of October 2021, SARS-CoV-2 infections were reported among 512,613 children and adolescents in Israel (~33% of all COVID-19 cases). The 5–11-year age group accounted for about 43% (223,850) of affected children and adolescents. In light of the availability of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19 for children aged 5–11 years, we aimed to write a position paper for pediatricians, policymakers and families regarding the clinical aspects of COVID-19 and the vaccination of children against COVID-19. The first objective of this review was to describe the diverse facets of the burden of COVID-19 in children, including the direct effects of hospitalization during the acute phase of the disease, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, long COVID and the indirect effects of social isolation and interruption in education. In addition, we aimed to provide an update regarding the efficacy and safety of childhood mRNA COVID-19 vaccination and to instill confidence in pediatricians regarding the benefits of vaccinating children against COVID-19. We reviewed up-to-date Israeli and international epidemiological data and literature regarding COVID-19 morbidity and its sequelae in children, vaccine efficacy in reducing COVID-19-related morbidity and SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccine safety data. We conducted a risk–benefit analysis regarding the vaccination of children and adolescents. We concluded that vaccines are safe and effective and are recommended for all children aged 5 to 11 years to protect them from COVID-19 and its complications and to reduce community transmissions. Based on these data, after weighing the benefits of vaccination versus the harm, the Israeli Ministry of Health decided to recommend vaccination for children aged 5–11 years.

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Long COVID symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive adolescents and matched controls (LongCOVIDKidsDK): a national, cross-sectional study

Berg

Nielsen

Nygaard

et al. 2022

The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health

104

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Background Many adolescents have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic either directly by being infected with the virus or indirectly by lockdowns and restrictions influencing normal living. We aimed to investigate health, including symptoms of long COVID, in adolescents (aged 15–18 years) who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 compared with a control group. Methods LongCOVIDKidsDK was a national, cross-sectional study carried out in Denmark, which included SARS-CoV-2-positive adolescents and matched controls. All Danish adolescents aged 15–18 years with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test during the period Jan 1, 2020, to July 12, 2021, and a control group matched (1:4) by age and sex were sent a survey from July 20, 2021. Participants had until Sept 15, 2021, to respond. Symptoms associated with COVID-19, school attendance, and health-related quality of life were investigated using ancillary questions and validated questionnaires (Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory [PedsQL] and Children's Somatic Symptoms Inventory-24 [CSSI-24]). Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and logistic regression. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04786353 . Findings 24 315 adolescents with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test (case group) and 97 257 matched controls were invited to participate. 3013 matched controls were excluded because of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. 6630 (27·3%) responded in the case group and 21 640 (22·3%) responded and were eligible to participate in the control group. Across both groups, median age was 17·6 years (IQR 16·4–18·5), 16 277 (57·6%) of 28 270 responders were female, and 11 993 (42·4%) were male. Participants in the case group had greater odds of having at least one long COVID symptom lasting at least 2 months compared with the control group (3159 [61·9%] vs 12 340 [57·0%], odds ratio 1·22 [95% CI 1·15–1·30]; p<0·0001). Participants in the case group reported significantly lower symptom scores (ie, less somatic distress) on the CSSI-24 than in the control group: mean 10·7 (SD 11·4, median 7·0 [IQR 2·0–15·0]) versus 11·9 (10·6, 9·0 [4·0–17·0]; p<0·0001). Participants in the case group had better quality of life scores on the PedsQL than in the control group: physical functioning mean score 88·7 (SD 13·9, median 93·8 [IQR 84·4–100·0]) versus 86·5 (14·3, 90·6 [81·3–96·9]; p<0·0001); emotional functioning 77·1 (20·3, 80·0 [65·0–95·0]) versus 71·7 (21·4, 75·0 [60·0–90·0]; p<0·0001); social functioning 93·1 (12·5, 100·0 [90·0–100·0]) versus 88·4 (16·2, 95·0 [80·0–100·0]; p<0·0001); and school functioning 66·9 (22·5, 65·0 [60·0–85·0]) versus 62·9 (22·1, 65·0 [50·0–80·0]; p<0·0001). More participants in the case group than in the control group reported 16 or more sick days (1205 [18·2%] vs 2518 [11·6%]; p<0·0001) and 16 or more days of school absence (695 [10·5%] vs 1777 [8·2%]; p<0...

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Mental Health of Adolescents in the Pandemic: Long-COVID-19 or Long-Pandemic Syndrome?

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Long COVID in Children and Adolescents

Long COVID in Children and Adolescents

The Burden of COVID-19 in Children and Its Prevention by Vaccination: A Joint Statement of the Israeli Pediatric Association and the Israeli Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases

Long COVID symptoms in SARS-CoV-2-positive adolescents and matched controls (LongCOVIDKidsDK): a national, cross-sectional study

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