Mental Health Before and After Retirement—Assessing the Relevance of Psychosocial Working Conditions: The Whitehall II Prospective Study of British Civil Servants

Fleischmann, Moritz; Xue, Baowen; Head, Jenny

doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz042

Cited by 47 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…This is in line with a review concluding that retirement has beneficial effects on mental health 3, and other studies observing decreasing depressive symptoms in relation to retirement (14). Our results were also in line with those by Fleischmann et al (16), which showed that mental health improves already before retirement. However, we adopted a different analytic strategy than many previous studies on this topic and supported a heterogenous development of depressive symptoms across retirement (11,12).…”

Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The fact that most of the psychosocial working characteristics were associated with a higher probability of belonging to the moderate depression, considerably decreasing (group 3) trajectory, may indicate that the retirement-related relief from exposure to these work stressors could have a beneficial effect on depressive symptoms. Fleischmann et al (16) also found support for such a relief where positive changes in mental health were more explicit for those retiring from poorer working conditions including high job demands, lower social support, or lower decision authority. This was in line with our findings except for the results regarding decision authority.…”

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The association between retirement and health likely depends on the reasons for retirement, eg, statutory and early vol-untary retirement has been found to be associated with improved health, while the findings for retirement due to ill-health have been the opposite, suggesting a health selection into retirement (4). Whether retirement is desirable or not can also depend on work characteristics (13)(14)(15)(16). It is well known that poor work characteristics could affect subsequent mental health negatively (17), but it is uncertain whether there are long-term effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Psychosocial working characteristics before retirement and depressive symptoms across the retirement transition: a longitudinal latent class analysis

Åhlin¹,

Peristera²,

Westerlund³

et al. 2020

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Section: Main Findingssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Main Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Psychosocial working characteristics before retirement and depressive symptoms across the retirement transition: a longitudinal latent class analysis

Åhlin¹,

Peristera²,

Westerlund³

et al. 2020

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…Moreover, the results of the French study were based on a different analytical approach from ours as they reported average changes in suboptimal health before and after retirement in prespecified groups, and our analyses were based on latent trajectory analyses. Previous studies have reported that transition to retirement associates with an improvement in mental health,8 10 increase in physical activity,30 as well as decrease in sleep difficulties16 31 and in BMI,20 which may partly mediate the improved health perception after retirement especially among those with higher occupational status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Retirement is a life transition in late adulthood accompanied by removal of work-related activities, roles and stressors, as well as reduced income and increase in time availability and flexibility. An increasing number of studies have examined the effect of retirement on physical and mental health, but the results have been inconsistent,1 with some studies suggesting improved perceived general health2–5 and mental health,6–10 while other studies have found negative or no changes in health after retirement 9 11 12…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of self-rated health before and after retirement: evidence from two cohort studies

et al. 2019

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ObjectivesPrevious studies have produced conflicting findings on the health consequences of retirement. We aimed at identifying trajectories of self-rated health over retirement transition using repeated measurements and examined which preretirement factors predicted membership to each trajectory.MethodsThe study population consisted of Finnish public sector employees from two independent cohorts (Finnish Public Sector Study (FPS), n=5776 with a 4-year follow-up interval; and Finnish Retirement and Aging Study (FIREA), n=2796 with a 1-year follow-up interval). Both cohorts included assessment of self-rated health one to three times before and one to three times after retirement (average number of measurement points: 3.7 in FPS and 3.5 in FIREA). We used latent trajectory analysis to identify trajectories of self-rated health.ResultsIn both cohorts four similar trajectories were identified: ‘Sustained good health’ (47% in FPS and 74% in FIREA), ‘From good to suboptimal health’ (19% and 6%), ‘From suboptimal to good health’ (14% and 8%) and ‘Sustained suboptimal health’ (20% and 12%). There were more women and persons in high occupational status in the ‘From suboptimal to good health’ trajectory group when compared with ‘Sustained suboptimal health’ trajectory group in FPS. Those in the trajectory ‘From good to suboptimal health’ had lower occupational status and higher job strain in comparison with those in the ‘Sustained good health’ trajectory in both cohorts.ConclusionsA large majority of public sector employees maintain their perceived health status during retirement transition. Adverse trajectory in self-rated health relate to low occupational status and work-related stressors.

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Retirement age and disability status as pathways to later‐life cognitive impairment: Evidence from the Norwegian HUNT Study linked with Norwegian population registers

Zotcheva

Strand

Bowen³

et al. 2023

Int J Geriat Psychiatry

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Background Research shows that retirement age is associated with later‐life cognition but has not sufficiently distinguished between retirement pathways. We examined how retirement age was associated with later‐life dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) for people who retired via the disability pathway (received a disability pension prior to old‐age pension eligibility) and those who retired via the standard pathway. Methods The study sample comprised 7210 participants from the Norwegian Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4 70+, 2017–2019) who had worked for at least one year in 1967–2019, worked until age 55+, and retired before HUNT4. Dementia and MCI were clinically assessed in HUNT4 70+ when participants were aged 69–85 years. Historical data on participants' retirement age and pathway were retrieved from population registers. We used multinomial regression to assess the dementia/MCI risk for women and men retiring via the disability pathway, or early (<67 years), on‐time (age 67, old‐age pension eligibility) or late (age 68+) via the standard pathway. Results In our study sample, 9.5% had dementia, 35.3% had MCI, and 28.1% retired via the disability pathway. The disability retirement group had an elevated risk of dementia compared to the on‐time standard retirement group (relative risk ratio [RRR]: 1.64, 95% CI 1.14–2.37 for women, 1.70, 95% CI 1.17–2.48 for men). MCI risk was lower among men who retired late versus on‐time (RRR, 0.76, 95% CI 0.61–0.95). Conclusion Disability retirees should be monitored more closely, and preventive policies should be considered to minimize the dementia risk observed among this group of retirees.

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Mental Health Before and After Retirement—Assessing the Relevance of Psychosocial Working Conditions: The Whitehall II Prospective Study of British Civil Servants

Cited by 47 publications

References 50 publications

Psychosocial working characteristics before retirement and depressive symptoms across the retirement transition: a longitudinal latent class analysis

Psychosocial working characteristics before retirement and depressive symptoms across the retirement transition: a longitudinal latent class analysis

Trajectories of self-rated health before and after retirement: evidence from two cohort studies

Retirement age and disability status as pathways to later‐life cognitive impairment: Evidence from the Norwegian HUNT Study linked with Norwegian population registers

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