Mental Health and Disorders of Sex Development/Intersex Conditions in Iranian Culture: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, 5-α Reductase Deficiency-Type 2, and Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Khorashad, Behzad S.; Aghili, Zahra; Kreukels, Baudewijntje P.C.; Reid, Alistair; Roshan, Ghasem M.; Hiradfar, Mehran; Talaeı, Ali; Kettenis, Peggy T.Cohen

doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1139-6

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The current review indicates that females with CAH more often than the general population define themselves as nonheterosexual, which could have clinical implications. Other research findings pertaining research on CAH have shown psychologic and psychiatric problems to be more frequent in this group, particularly anxiety or depressive disorders and drug/alcohol abuse (Hochberg et al, 1987;Falhammar et al, 2014a;Engberg et al, 2015;Pasterski et al, 2015;Daae et al, 2018;Khorashad et al, 2018). In addition, some females with CAH will go through feminizing surgery (Crouch et al, 2008) and/or may show symptoms of androgen excess, e.g., hirsutism (Meyer-Bahlburg et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Sexual Orientation in Individuals With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review

Daae¹,

Feragen²,

Wæhre³

et al. 2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a genetic condition of the steroidogenic enzymes in the adrenal cortex normally leading to variable degrees of cortisol and aldosterone deficiency as well as androgen excess. Exposure to androgens prenatally might lead to ambiguous genitalia. The fetal brain develops in traditional male direction through a direct action of androgens on the developing nerve cells, or in the traditional female direction in the absence of androgens. This may indicate that sexual development, including sexual orientation, are programmed into our brain structures prenatally. The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature, investigating sexual orientation in individuals with CAH. The study also aimed at identifying which measures are used to define sexual orientation across studies. The review is based on articles identified through a comprehensive search of the OVIDMedline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases published up to May 2019. All peer-reviewed articles investigating sexual orientation in people with CAH were included. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods were considered, as well as self-, parent-, and third-party reports, and no age or language restrictions were enforced on publications. The present review included 30 studies investigating sexual orientation in patients with CAH assigned female at birth (46, XX) (n = 927) or assigned male at birth (46, XY and 46, XX) (n = 274). Results indicate that assigned females at birth (46, XX) with CAH had a greater likelihood to not have an exclusively heterosexual orientation than females from the general population, whereas no assigned males at birth (46, XY or 46, XX) with CAH identified themselves as non-heterosexual. There was a wide diversity in measures used and a preference for unvalidated and self-constructed interviews. Hence, the results need to be interpreted with caution. Methodological weaknesses might have led to non-heterosexual orientation being overestimated or underestimated. The methodological challenges identified by this review should be further investigated in future studies.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Sexual Orientation in Individuals With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review

Daae¹,

Feragen²,

Wæhre³

et al. 2020

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…No participants were diagnosed with adjustment disorders, attention-deficit and disruptive disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, or psychotic disorders. Khorashad et al (2018) also found that, among both adults and children, the DSD groups had significantly more mental health issues than comparison groups (Iranian general population).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Four studies assessed for psychopathology in participants with 46,XY DSD using psychodiagnostic interviews. In Iran, Khorashad et al (2018) assessed lifetime episodes of psychopathology in adults and children with CAIS and 5α-RD (mean age = 18.9) using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM -IV (SCID; First et al, 1997) and the Kiddie Schedule for Affec-tive Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS; Lauth et al, 2010). All of the patients with CAIS identified as female, while 55 percent of patients with 5α-RD identified as male and 45 percent identified as female.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies measured mental health by examining psychiatric symptoms and disorders rated by clinicians, which provided useful information about how many individuals with 46,XY DSD met criteria for at least one DSM diagnosis. Khorashad et al (2018) found that 85% of patients with 5α-RD and 58% of those with CAIS had at least one lifetime Axis I disorder, while Slijper et al (1998) found that 52% of children with 46,XY DSD had at least one DSM -IV diagnosis. Both studies found that affective disorders and gender identity disorder were among the most common diagnoses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mental health outcomes among individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development: A systematic review

Godfrey

2020

J Health Psychol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This review summarizes research on the mental health outcomes of genetic males with a disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD). Databases were systematically searched, yielding 19 studies included in this review. Results varied widely, with mental health outcomes ranging from very poor to similar to comparison groups. A small number of studies demonstrated that patients with hypospadias or complete androgen insensitivity syndrome reported better mental health than patients with other 46,XY (DSD) diagnoses. Future studies should include larger samples of patients within a similar developmental stage, display results separately by DSD diagnosis and gender identity, and consider the potential impact of medical/surgical events on their mental health.

show abstract

“…Anxiety and affective disorders (16.4% and 27.9%, respectively) were the most common disorders that could cause fear of sexual relationship, premature ejaculation, impotence, nocturia, poor stream and eventually prostatitis (18,19). Therefore, early diagnosis and evaluation of this problem will reduce the concern of parents and children (20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which of the Anthropometric Parameters and Hormonal Variables in Prepubertal Children Are Correlated to True Micropenis?

Rezakhaniha

Siroosbakht³

2021

Iran J Pediatr

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Most issues of micropenis boys include poor body image and quality of life. Objectives: The purpose of this assay was to survey the relationship of anthropometric measures, testosterone, estradiol, gonadotropins and prolactin with stretched penile length (SPL) and flaccid glans-pubis length (GPL) in pre-pubertal boys with true small penis. Methods: This was prospective a cross-sectional observational study that was conducted in Imam Reza Hospital, Tehran, Iran from February 2015 to May 2020. The pre-pubertal children 7 - 14 years who referred with small penis size were evaluated by a pediatrician and urologist and, if they had true micropenis, they were enrolled in the study (n = 236). The anthropometric and hormonal measurements, SPL, GPL, and relationship of these variables were evaluated. Results: Mean ages of children were 11.65 ± 1.59 years. Mean SPL and GPL were 2.95 ± 1.23 and 2.29 ± 1.06 cm, respectively. There was a significant relationship between SPL and GPL (r = 0.976, P = 0.000). SPL and GPL were not correlated with BMI (r = -0.182, P = 0.054; r = -0.161, P = 0.089, respectively). A significant correlation was found between SPL and GPL with height, FSH, LH, Testosterone and T/E ratio (P < 0.01) but no correlation with weight, estradiol and prolactin (> 0.05). Conclusions: According to the finding of present study, the flaccid measurement can be as helpful as stretched measurement if it is done from pubic bone to tip of glans. Retraining of primary health workers about age-related penile length may be reducing the misdiagnosis of micropenis and concerns of parents, especially in obese boys. The penile length in prepubertal children was not related to BMI and weight but was significantly related to height. Furthermore, Estradiol level is not related to penile length in children with micropenis.

show abstract

Mental Health and Disorders of Sex Development/Intersex Conditions in Iranian Culture: Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, 5-α Reductase Deficiency-Type 2, and Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Sexual Orientation in Individuals With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review

Sexual Orientation in Individuals With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review

Mental health outcomes among individuals with 46,XY disorders of sex development: A systematic review

Which of the Anthropometric Parameters and Hormonal Variables in Prepubertal Children Are Correlated to True Micropenis?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About