Mental disorders and risk factors among pregnant women with depressive symptoms in Sweden—A case‐control study

Lilliecreutz, Caroline; Mohammed, Hussein; Josefsson, Ann; Sydsjö, Gunilla

doi:10.1111/aogs.14051

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…Studies have found that women with fear of birth often present with depressive symptoms (Wikman et al 2020 ; Lilliecreutz et al 2021 ) or show more signs of psychological strain than generally expected in pregnant women (Rondung et al 2018a ). Some background characteristics are common both in women with fear of birth and those with depressive symptoms, such as younger age, low level of education, and not being native born (Dennis and Hodnett 2007 ; Santos et al 2017 ; Dencker et al 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after birth in women living in Sweden who received treatments for fear of birth

Hildingsson

Rubertsson

2022

Arch Womens Ment Health

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The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in women who underwent treatments for fear of birth; internet-based cognitive therapy, counseling with midwives, continuity with a known midwife or standard care. A secondary analysis was performed using data collected from four samples of women identified with fear of birth and receiving treatment with different methods. A questionnaire was used to collect data in mid-pregnancy and at follow-up 2 months after birth. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale. In mid-pregnancy, 32% of the 422 women with fear of birth also reported a co-morbidity with depressive symptoms. At postpartum follow-up, 19% reported depressive symptoms 2 months after birth, and 12% showed continued or recurrent depressive symptoms identified both during pregnancy and postpartum. A history of mental health problems was the strongest risk factor for presenting with depressive symptoms. None of the treatment options in this study was superior in reducing depressive symptoms. This study showed a significant co-morbidity and overlap between fear of birth and depressive symptoms. Screening for depressive symptoms and fear of birth during pregnancy is important to identify women at risk and offer specific treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after birth in women living in Sweden who received treatments for fear of birth

Hildingsson

Rubertsson

2022

Arch Womens Ment Health

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“…Fear of birth is also common in pregnant women and affects approximately 14% worldwide, as shown in a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 29 scientific papers [ 19 ]. Fear of birth has been linked to depressive symptoms as shown in another systematic review of 21 scientific papers, [ 20 ] and comorbidity between fear of birth and mental health problems are well known [ 21 – 23 ]. Co-morbidity refers to people who have a disease or condition also have one or more other diseases or conditions ( https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/comorbidity ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postpartum bonding and association with depressive symptoms and prenatal attachment in women with fear of birth

Hildingsson

Rubertsson

2022

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background Co-morbidity is prevalent in women with fear of birth. Depressive symptoms and lack of prenatal attachment might influence the postpartum bonding between the mother and the new-born. Aim To examine the underlying dimensions of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire and to investigate associations between depressive symptoms, prenatal attachment and postpartum bonding in women with fear of birth. Methods A longitudinal study comprising 172 women with fear of birth. Data were collected by questionnaires in mid- and late pregnancy and two months after birth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale, Prenatal Attachment Inventory and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were investigated. Results Two factors of the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were identified: Factor 1 mirrored caring activities and the women’s perceptions of motherhood, whereas Factor 2 reflected negative feelings towards the baby. The Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire was negatively correlated with the Prenatal Attachment Inventory and positively with The Edinburgh Postnatal Depressive Scale. Women with fear of birth and depressive symptoms both during pregnancy and postpartum showed the highest risk of impaired bonding after birth. Primiparity and being single were also associated with impaired bonding. Conclusion A focus on women’s mental health during pregnancy is necessary in order to avoid the negative effects of impaired bonding on the infant. Depressive symptoms could be concurrent with fear of birth and, therefore, it is important to determine both fear of birth and depressive symptoms in screening procedures during pregnancy. Caregivers who meet women during pregnancy need to acknowledge prenatal attachment and thereby influence adaptation to motherhood.

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“… 21 While this may be one of the reasons for the high rate of psychological morbidity among the participants during the pandemic, others have also observed that women living with HIV have an increased prevalence of most common mental health disorders 10–13 . Although studies have shown that common mental disorders like depression and anxiety are common in pregnancy, 16 , 29 , 30 there have been few studies among pregnant HIV-positive women. 31 , 32 We are not aware of any study that has compared depression and anxiety among HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in our environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Anxiety and Depression Among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria

Ade-Ojo¹,

Dada²,

Adeyanju³

2022

IJGM

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Purpose Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the significant public health crisis of the 21st century that has disrupted personal, local, and international territorial relationships. Earlier studies have shown that people with HIV were at least twice at risk of dying from COVID-19 than the general population. There are also deep concerns about the indirect impact of COVID-19 on women within the reproductive age group in Sub-Saharan Africa who were already struggling to access reproductive healthcare services. In addition, pregnant HIV-positive women have an increased rate of anxiety and depression. This study, therefore, examined depression and anxiety disorders in pregnant HIV-positive women in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study used a structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic information, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) assessment tools. Data obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 26. Results Ninety-nine (99) representing 78% of 127 pregnant HIV-positive women enrolled in the PMTCT program were eligible for this study. This number matched 99 randomly selected pregnant HIV-negative in the study areas as controls. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and severe anxiety disorder were significantly higher among the HIV-positive group than in the HIV-negative group (PHQ-9 Mean ± SD 8.0 ± 5.4 vs 2.3 ± 2.9; p = 0.000) and (GAD-7 Mean ± SD 5.9 ± 4.6 vs 1.2 ± 2.2; p = 0.000). Conclusion Given the high prevalence of major depressive disorder and severe anxiety disorder among pregnant HIV-positive women, mental health care should be incorporated into the prevention with positive interventions and strategies to reduce the indirect consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Mental disorders and risk factors among pregnant women with depressive symptoms in Sweden—A case‐control study

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

Cited by 5 publications

References 29 publications

Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after birth in women living in Sweden who received treatments for fear of birth

Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after birth in women living in Sweden who received treatments for fear of birth

Postpartum bonding and association with depressive symptoms and prenatal attachment in women with fear of birth

Comparison of Anxiety and Depression Among HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic in Ekiti State, Southwest Nigeria

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