Mental chronometry and individual differences: Modeling reliabilities and correlations of reaction time means and effect sizes

Miller, Jeff; Ulrich, Rolf

doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0404-5

Cited by 127 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…This is consistent with other research; For example, a study found that the performance variability measures in the d2 attention test should be interpreted with caution as they lack reliability [16]. Another study demonstrated (by means of simulation analysis on grounds of classical test theory) that measures of performance variability can never achieve the same degree of reliability as compared to measures of central tendency (i.e., mean scores) [42]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of schooling on aspects of attention in rural Burkina Faso, West Africa

Sanou

Diallo

Holding³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundWe aimed to study the effects of schooling on aspects of attention using the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) among children in rural Burkina Faso.MethodsWe re-enrolled children of a previously community-based cluster randomized exclusive breastfeeding trial in rural Burkina Faso. A total of 534 children (280 boys and 254 girls) aged 6 to 8 years were assessed using the TOVA. We examined the effect size difference using Cohen’s d, ANOVA and conducted regression analyses.ResultsForty nine percent of the children were in school. Children not in school performed poorly with a small effect size difference for ‘Response Time’, ‘Errors of omission’, and ‘Errors of commission’ compared to children in school. The effect size difference was moderate for ‘Response Time Variability’, and ‘D prime score’.ConclusionSchooling affects different aspects of attention in rural Burkina Faso. In settings where literacy and schooling rate is low, public sensitizations of the benefits of schooling need to be reinforced and advice on sending children to school need to be provided continuously.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Effects of schooling on aspects of attention in rural Burkina Faso, West Africa

Sanou

Diallo

Holding³

et al. 2018

PLoS ONE

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“…Importantly, however, whereas some recommendations and intuition imply that high correlations should emerge between two tasks that are mediated by the same mechanism (i.e., Carlson & Herdman, 2012), there exist considerable pitfalls in interpreting correlations between RT difference effects. For instance, many other and task-unspecific factors can influence participants' performance, thus difference time parameters are additionally constrained (Miller & Ulrich, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, correlations between difference scores may diminish due to task-unspecific variation and for relatively smaller effect sizes (Miller & Ulrich, 2013), which we cannot exclude for the current data sets. At its essence, these constraints indicate that a lack of correlation can also be observed if two processes have a common construct.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Individual-differences Approach For The Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Space in numerical and ordinal information: A common construct?

2017

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Space is markedly involved in numerical processing, both explicitly in instrumental learning and implicitly in mental operations on numbers. Besides action decisions, action generations, and attention, the response-related effect of numerical magnitude or ordinality on space is well documented in the Spatial-Numerical Associations of Response Codes (SNARC) effect. Here, right-over left-hand responses become relatively faster with increasing magnitude positions. However, SNARC-like behavioral signatures in non-numerical tasks with ordinal information were also observed and inspired new models integrating seemingly spatial effects of ordinal and numerical metrics. To examine this issue further, we report a comparison between numerical SNARC and ordinal SNARC-like effects to investigate group-level characteristics and individual-level deductions from generalized views, i.e., convergent validity. Participants solved order-relevant (before/ after classification) and order-irrelevant tasks (font color classification) with numerical stimuli 1-5, comprising both magnitude and order information, and with weekday stimuli, comprising only ordinal information. A small correlation between magnitude-and order-related SNARCs was observed, but effects are not pronounced in order-irrelevant color judgments. On the group level, order-relevant spatialnumerical associations were best accounted for by a linear magnitude predictor, whereas the SNARC effect for weekdays was categorical. Limited by the representativeness of these tasks and analyses, results are inconsistent with a single amodal cognitive mechanism that activates space in mental processing of cardinal and ordinal information alike. A possible resolution to maintain a generalized view is proposed by discriminating different spatial activations, possibly mediated by visuospatial and verbal working memory, and by relating results to findings from embodied numerical cognition. Abstract concepts are often embedded into physical space: Numerical magnitudes increase to the right of a number line, weekdays are spatially organized in calendars, and the first step in a user manual is usually

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“…This limitation was the result of the broad range of measures we employed, which led to time constraints in testing to avoid participant fatigue. Moreover, there are inherent difficulties involved in measuring individual difficulties within a factorial design, particularly one that involve measures of speed (Hedge, Powell, & Sumner, 2017;Miller & Ulrich, 2013). Further research using a stronger battery of measures is therefore required to test our prediction of a relationship between inhibitory control and lexical planning in healthy aging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthy Ageing and Sentence Production: Disrupted Lexical Access in the Context of Intact Syntactic Planning

Hardy

Wheeldon

2018

Preprint

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Sentence production requires rapid syntax generation and word retrieval. We investigated how healthy ageing affects these processes. In Experiment 1, syntactic priming significantly facilitated sentence production speed for both young and older adults. In Experiment 2, participants produced sentences with initial coordinate or simple phrases (e.g., the owl and the car move above the harp/the owl moves above the car and the harp); on half the trials, the second picture (car) was previewed. Without preview, both age groups were slower to initiate sentences with larger coordinate phrases, suggesting a similar planning scope. Young adults displayed speed benefits of preview both within and outside the initial phrase; however, older adults only displayed speed preview benefits within the initial phrase, and preview outside the initial phrase significantly increased error rates. Thus, syntactic planning scope appears unaffected by age, but there is age-related decline in the integration of lexical items into syntactic structures.

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Mental chronometry and individual differences: Modeling reliabilities and correlations of reaction time means and effect sizes

Cited by 127 publications

References 136 publications

Effects of schooling on aspects of attention in rural Burkina Faso, West Africa

Effects of schooling on aspects of attention in rural Burkina Faso, West Africa

Space in numerical and ordinal information: A common construct?

Healthy Ageing and Sentence Production: Disrupted Lexical Access in the Context of Intact Syntactic Planning

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