Mental changes experimentally produced by L. S. D. (d-Lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate)

Deshon, H. Jackson; Rinkel, Max; Solomon, Harry C.

doi:10.1007/bf01568448

Cited by 67 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Additionally, it is not clear to what extent those findings extend to other hallucinogens, or even to higher doses of LSD and psilocybin. One potentially unique aspect of the LSD experience is that it reportedly occurs in two distinct temporal phases (DeShon et al, 1952; Salvatore and Hyde, 1956; Freedman, 1968, 1984), but this needs to be confirmed by future investigations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens

Halberstadt

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

241

203

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Serotonergic hallucinogens, such as (+)-lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin, and mescaline, are somewhat enigmatic substances. Although these drugs are derived from multiple chemical families, they all produce remarkably similar effects in animals and humans, and they show cross-tolerance. This article reviews the evidence demonstrating the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor is the primary site of hallucinogen action. The 5-HT2A receptor is responsible for mediating the effects of hallucinogens in human subjects, as well as in animal behavioral paradigms such as drug discrimination, head twitch response, prepulse inhibition of startle, exploratory behavior, and interval timing. Many recent clinical trials have yielded important new findings regarding the psychopharmacology of these substances. Furthermore, the use of modern imaging and electrophysiological techniques is beginning to help unravel how hallucinogens work in the brain. Evidence is also emerging that hallucinogens may possess therapeutic efficacy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens

Halberstadt

2015

Behavioural Brain Research

241

203

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“…Using psychophysical measures, psilocybin has been found to impair measures of sustained ( Quednow et al 2012 ), divided ( Carter et al 2005 ) and covert orienting of attention ( Gouzoulis-Mayfrank et al 2002 ). Deshon et al (1952) also describe difficulties in concentration as one of the disturbances that is most frequently seen in LSD.…”

Section: Charting the Psychedelic State Of Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relatively little is known about the impact of psychedelics on communication, although early reports indicate clear communication impairments during the psychedelic state. For example, a study of the effects of LSD by Deshon et al (1952) highlighted marked impairments in speech production seen across all subjects. One participant experienced complete blocking of speech for around 3 h. The subject was able to read when requested to do so but was unable to generate spontaneous utterances or answer questions except by gestures.…”

Section: Charting the Psychedelic State Of Consciousnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state

Bayne

Carter

2018

Neuroscience of Consciousness

109

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It has often been suggested in the popular and academic literature that the psychedelic state qualifies as a higher state of consciousness relative to the state of normal waking awareness. This article subjects this proposal to critical scrutiny, focusing on the question of what it would mean for a state of consciousness to be ‘higher’. We begin by considering the contrast between conscious contents and conscious global states. We then review the changes in conscious global state associated with psychedelic drug use, focusing on the effects of two serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide. Limiting our review to findings obtained from lab-based experiments and reported in peer-reviewed journals, we prioritize the more common and reliably induced effects obtained through subjective questionnaires and psychophysical measures. The findings are grouped into three broad categories (sensory perception, cognitive function, and experiences of unity) and demonstrate that although certain aspects of consciousness are improved or enhanced in the psychedelic state, many of the functional capacities that are associated with consciousness are seriously compromised. Psychedelic-induced states of consciousness are indeed remarkable in many ways, but it is inappropriate to regard them as ‘higher’ states of consciousness. The fact that psychedelics affect different aspects of consciousness in fundamentally different ways provides evidence against the unidimensional (or ‘level-based’) view of consciousness, and instead provides strong support for a multidimensional conception of conscious states. The final section of the article considers the implications of this analysis for two prominent theories of consciousness: the Global Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory.

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“…According to anecdotal reports, the serotonergic hallucinogens lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and mescaline speed up or slow down the subjective experience of time, or produce feelings of timelessness (Serko,1913; Beringer, 1927; DeShon et al, 1952; Hoch et al, 1952). Recently, psilocybin was found to disrupt timing in human volunteers (Wittmann et al, 2007; Wackerman et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on temporal discrimination by mice

et al. 2016

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Timing deficits are observed in patients with schizophrenia. Serotonergic hallucinogens can also alter the subjective experience of time. Characterizing the mechanism through which the serotonergic system regulates timing will increase our understanding of the linkage between serotonin (5-HT) and schizophrenia, and will provide insight into the mechanism of action of hallucinogens. We investigated whether interval timing in mice is altered by hallucinogens and other 5-HT2 receptor ligands. C57BL/6J mice were trained to perform a discrete-trials temporal discrimination task. In the discrete-trials task, mice were presented with two levers after a variable interval. Responding on lever A was reinforced if the interval was < 6.5 s, and responding on lever B was reinforced if the interval was > 6.5 s. A 2-parameter logistic function was fitted to the proportional choice for lever B (%B responding), yielding estimates of the indifference point (T50) and the Weber fraction (a measure of timing precision). The 5-HT2A antagonist M100907 increased T50, whereas the 5-HT2C antagonist SB-242,084 reduced T50. The results indicate that 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors have countervailing effects on the speed of the internal pacemaker. The hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI; 3 mg/kg IP), a 5-HT2 agonist, flattened the response curve at long stimulus intervals and shifted it to the right, causing both T50 and the Weber fraction to increase. The effect of DOI was antagonized by M100907 (0.03 mg/kg SC) but was unaffected by SB-242,084 (0.1 mg/kg SC). Similar to DOI, the selective 5-HT2A agonist 25CN-NBOH (6 mg/kg SC) reduced %B responding at long stimulus intervals, and increased T50 and the Weber fraction. These results demonstrate that hallucinogens alter temporal perception in mice, effects that are mediated by the 5-HT2A. It appears that 5-HT regulates temporal perception, suggesting that altered serotonergic signaling may contribute to the timing deficits observed in schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.

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Mental changes experimentally produced by L. S. D. (d-Lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate)

Cited by 67 publications

References 3 publications

Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens

Recent advances in the neuropsychopharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens

Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state

Effect of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors on temporal discrimination by mice

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