Mental and physical skill training increases neurogenesis via cell survival in the adolescent hippocampus

DiFeo, Gina; Shors, Tracey J.

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.015

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It has been argued that since physical exercise changes the brain in profound ways, this may “prime” the brain for benefits of cognitive training, 40 , 41 and there is some evidence in animal models to support this. 42 , 43 Alternatively, some have begun to partially test the reverse model in which mental exercise precedes physical activity, and again there is some supportive evidence in animal models, 44 as well as a feasibility trial to evaluate this in humans. 45 We propose that interactive exercise over time, in humans, may maximize these underlying neurobiological mechanisms and processes promoting both neurogenesis and cell survival via physical and cognitive exercise, but in a maximized way given the constant feedback provided by a naturalistic form of interactive exercise that taps into evolutionarily adaptive survival (eg, locomoting through an environment and accomplishing tasks, akin to foraging and staying alert to cognitive cues that might promote survival such as noticing a food source or detecting a predator 43 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

Anderson‐Hanley¹,

Stark²,

Wall³

et al. 2018

CIA

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BackgroundAlzheimer’s and related dementias are on the rise, and older adults and their families are seeking accessible and effective ways to stave off or ameliorate mild cognitive impairment (MCI).AimThis pilot clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: 03069391) examined neuropsychological and neurobiological outcomes of interactive physical and mental exercise.Participants and methodsOlder adults (MCI and caregivers) were enrolled in a 3-month, in-home trial of a portable neuro-exergame (the interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System [iPACES™]), in which they pedaled and steered along a virtual bike path to complete a list of errands (Memory Lane™). Neuropsychological function and salivary biomarkers were measured at pre-, mid-, and posttrial. Ten older adults complied with the recommended use of iPACES (complete dose; ≥2×/wk, 67% of the 15 who also had pre- and postevaluation data). Statistical analyses compared change over time and also change among those with a complete dose vs inadequate dose. Correlations between change in neuropsychological and biomarker measures were also examined.ResultsExecutive function and verbal memory increased after 3 months (p = 0.01; no significant change was found with an inadequate dose). Change in salivary biomarkers was moderately associated with increasing cognition (cortisol, r = 0.68; IGF-1, r = 0.37).ConclusionFurther research is needed, but these pilot data provide preliminary indications to suggest neuro-exergaming can impact cognitive function, perhaps via neurobiological mechanisms, and as such may provide an effective and practical way to promote healthy aging.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

Anderson‐Hanley¹,

Stark²,

Wall³

et al. 2018

CIA

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“…Exercise has also been shown to rescue alcohol‐induced deficits in cell proliferation in adolescent rats (Helfer, Goodlett, Greenough, & Klintsova, ). Interestingly, a physical skills training task has recently been reported to increase cell survival in the DG of adolescent rats (DiFeo & Shors, ). However, training on this type of tasks involves physical exercise and learning, both of which increase neurogenesis and so a definitive conclusion on the effects of exercise alone during adolescence on hippocampal neurogenesis cannot be determined from this study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deletion of TLX and social isolation impairs exercise‐induced neurogenesis in the adolescent hippocampus

et al. 2017

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Adolescence is a sensitive period of neurodevelopment during which life experiences can have profound effects on the brain. Hippocampal neurogenesis, the neurodevelopmental process of generating functional new neurons from neural stem cells, occurs throughout the lifespan and has been shown to play a role in learning, memory and in mood regulation. In adulthood it is influenced by extrinsic environmental factors such as exercise and stress. Intrinsic factors that regulate hippocampal neurogenesis include the orphan nuclear receptor TLX (Nr2e1) which is primarily expressed in the neurogenic niches of the brain. While mechanisms regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been widely studied, less is known on how hippocampal neurogenesis is affected during adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of both TLX and isolation stress on exercise-induced increases in neurogenesis in running and sedentary conditions during adolescence. Single-(isolation stress) wild type and Nr2e1 -/-mice or pair-housed wild type mice were housed in sedentary conditions or allowed free access to running wheels for 3 weeks during adolescence. A reduction of neuronal survival was evident in mice lacking TLX, and exercise did not increase hippocampal neurogenesis in these Nr2e1 -/-mice. This suggests that TLX is necessary for the pro-neurogenic effects of exercise during adolescence. Interestingly, although social isolation during adolescence did not affect hippocampal neurogenesis, it prevented an exercise-induced increase in neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus. Together these data demonstrate the importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in promoting an exercise-induced increase in neurogenesis at this key point in life. K E Y W O R D Sadolescence, adult neurogenesis, exercise, stress, TLX

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“…The acronym MAP stands for “mental and physical training.” It combines mental training through focused‐attention (FA) meditation with physical training through aerobic exercise. The intervention itself was translated from neuroscientific studies (Curlik and Shors, ; DiFeo and Shors, ), which indicate that aerobic exercise increases the production of new neurons in the adult hippocampus (Nokia et al, ; van Praag et al, ), whereas effortful learning processes increase their survival (Curlik et al, ; Shors et al, ). The neurogenesis studies were conducted in laboratory animal models, and because it is not possible to measure neurogenesis in humans, we only claim here that the intervention was “inspired” by laboratory studies, not that it is possible to assess any influence on neurogenesis itself.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression?

Shors

Millon

Chang

et al. 2016

J of Neuroscience Research

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It is generally accepted that women tend to ruminate more than men do and these thought patterns are often associated with depressive symptoms (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., ). Based on these findings, we considered whether the relationship between rumination and depression is stronger in women than in men and if so, whether this might explain the higher prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in women and finally, whether the association can be disrupted through a mind/body intervention. Adult men and women, most of whom were clinically depressed, participated in an intervention known as MAP Training, which combines "mental" training with silent meditation and "physical" training with aerobic exercise (Shors et al., ). After eight weeks of training, both men and women reported significantly fewer symptoms of depression and fewer ruminative thoughts (Alderman et al., ). Statistical correlations between depressive symptoms and ruminative thoughts were strong and significant (rho > 0.50; p < 0.05) for both men and women before and after MAP Training. However, only in women did depressive symptoms relate to "reflective" ruminations, which involve analyses of past events, feelings, and behaviors. This is also the only relationship that dissipated after the intervention. In general, these analyses suggest that the strength of the relationship between depressive symptoms and rumination does not necessarily explain sex differences in depression; but because the relationship is strong, targeting rumination through intervention can reduce the incidence of MDD, which is more prevalent among women. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Mental and physical skill training increases neurogenesis via cell survival in the adolescent hippocampus

Cited by 27 publications

References 48 publications

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

Deletion of TLX and social isolation impairs exercise‐induced neurogenesis in the adolescent hippocampus

Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression?

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Mental and physical skill training increases neurogenesis via cell survival in the adolescent hippocampus

Cited by 27 publications

References 48 publications

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES&trade;): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES&trade;): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

Deletion of TLX and social isolation impairs exercise‐induced neurogenesis in the adolescent hippocampus

Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression?

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Product

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The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers

The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers