Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use do not modify postexercise heat loss responses

Kenny, Glen P.; Leclair, Emily; Sigal, Ronald J.; Journeay, W. Shane; Kilby, Donald; Nettlefold, Lindsay; Reardon, Francis D.; Jay, Ollie

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00194.2008

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Contrary to popular belief, classic studies showed that sex had no influence on the thermoregulatory responses once VO 2max and anthropometric data were accounted for 3. Even the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive may not affect postexercise heat loss 5…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

Why should I test my athletes in the heat several months before Tokyo 2020?

Racinais

Ihsan

2020

Br J Sports Med

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mentioning

confidence: 87%

Why should I test my athletes in the heat several months before Tokyo 2020?

Racinais

Ihsan

2020

Br J Sports Med

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“…This could partly be explained by the fact that the amplitude of the diurnal increase in central temperature is reduced during the luteal phase (Coyne et al, 2000), potentially reducing the negative effect of the menstrual increase in central temperature during this phase. It is also important to note that neither menstrual cycle nor the use of oral contraceptives modifies post-exercise heat loss responses (Kenny et al, 2008). However, if the effect of physical training on heat acclimation is not affected by using contraceptive hormones (Armstrong et al, 2005), the increase in sweating with training may be affected by the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the training was performed (Ichinose et al, 2009).…”

Section: Menstrual Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Different effects of heat exposure upon exercise performance in the morning and afternoon

Racinais

2010

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Independent of environmental conditions, rectal temperature follows a circadian rhythm with an acrophase in the late afternoon. In neutral environment, this diurnal increase in temperature is believed to have a passive warm-up effect improving muscle contractility, and in turn, muscle force, power and performance. However, a hot environment blunts the diurnal variation in muscle function by only improving muscle contractility, and in turn, muscle force, power and performance in the morning, when body temperature is at its lowest. Despite this diurnal variation in muscle function, long-duration exercise is only slightly affected by the timeof-day in neutral environment. However, higher afternoon body temperatures can reduce the heat storage capacity and result in a reduction in exercise capacity in hot environments. In addition, in parallel to the circadian variations in muscle contractility and central temperature, exercise capacity in hot environment may also be affected by the diurnal variations in melatonin concentration and in the onset of peripheral vasodilatation and sweating.Research examining the effect of hot environments on physical abilities have generally focused on central temperature (e.g., rectal or esophageal) and the preservation of the homeostasis. However, even in a thermally comfortable and neutral environment, body temperatures are not stable physiological parameters. As most of the biological variables in both animal and vegetable species, rectal temperature follows biological rhythms. The first part of this review describes the circadian rhythm in rectal temperature and its effect on performance. Then, the repercussions of the diurnal variation in both temperature and performance are addressed when exercising in hot environments. The other biological rhythms potentially influencing exercise capacity in hot environment are briefly presented in a third part.Circadian rhythms and time-of-day effect on performance in neutral environment Generality on circadian rhythms and time-of-day

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“…It is used for not only contraceptive purposes, but 14% of women have used OCP for non-contraceptive purposes (Kenny et al 2008). There have been numerous studies investigating the effects of OCP on the body because the number of women using OCP has constantly increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been numerous studies investigating the effects of OCP on the body because the number of women using OCP has constantly increased. The combined OCP contains estrogen and progesterone as synthetic steroids that prevent ovulation by inhibiting the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland in the brain (Kenny et al 2008;Krishnan and Kiley 2010). The 17-β estradiol receptors on the ACL are well established and therefore, it is of no surprise that OCP users have less ACL laxity than non-OCP users due to consistently lower levels of estradiol (Martineau et al 2004;Lee et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Oral Contraceptives Alter Knee Ligament Damage with Heavy Exercise?

Lee

Petrofsky

Yim

2015

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Hormones such as estradiol have an effect on human connective tissue, making women more susceptible to knee injuries. Indeed, women have a greater risk for non-contact injuries of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) compared to men when participating in the same sports. The purpose of the present study was to examine the difference in ACL laxity after an eccentric exercise in the lower limbs in young healthy women between oral contraceptive pill (OCP) users and non-OCP users to see the effect of OCP on ACL laxity. Forty young healthy women participated in the experiments (25 with normal menstrual cycle and 15 with taking OCP). ACL laxity and a visual analog pain scale were measured before and after a bout of squat. OCP users had more pain than non-OCP users after heavy exercise (p < 0.001). Both groups showed a significant reduction in ACL laxity on the 2nd day after exercise (p < 0.05). While ACL laxity was always less in the OCP group, when expressed as a percent change from baseline, the ACL laxity change was similar in both groups (p > 0.05). We found that there was no statistically significant difference in ACL laxity recovery over time in response to the delayed onset muscle soreness after a bout of squat between two groups. However, health professionals working with young female adults should recognize that OCP users with less ACL laxity are at higher risk for having knee injuries because of ACL stiffness when doing exercise.

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Menstrual cycle and oral contraceptive use do not modify postexercise heat loss responses

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Why should I test my athletes in the heat several months before Tokyo 2020?

Why should I test my athletes in the heat several months before Tokyo 2020?

Different effects of heat exposure upon exercise performance in the morning and afternoon

Do Oral Contraceptives Alter Knee Ligament Damage with Heavy Exercise?

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