Menopausal status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Peters, Howard; Westendorp, I. C. D.; Hak, A. Elisabeth; Grobbee, D. E.; Stehouwer, Coen D.A.; Hofman, Albert; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00547.x

Cited by 115 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…9 Premenopausal women have lower TC concentrations than men of a similar age. 22 Because menopause is associated with an increase in TC, 23 commentators have suggested that a birth weight/TC association in women may become apparent only during and after menopause. 9 However, in the BT cohort, menopausal status did not consistently explain the sex difference in birth weight/TC associations.…”

Section: Birth Weight and Adult Tcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Birth Weight Is Associated With Higher Adult Total Cholesterol Concentration in Men

et al. 2004

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Background-The majority of studies investigating the association between birth weight and adult total cholesterol (TC) concentration have been small and underpowered: not surprisingly, the findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to determine whether birth weight predicted adult TC in a large sample population. Methods and Results-Between 1994 and 1996, 132 000 British Telecom employees undertook voluntary occupational health screening. Birth weight and lifestyle factors were self-reported; TC concentration and body size were measured by occupational health nurses. Complete measurements were available for 18 286 men and 7557 women (age range, 17 to 64 years). We found that sex and birth weight significantly interacted to predict adult TC (birth weight/sex interaction term, Pϭ0.002). In men, lower birth weight was associated with higher adult TC levels (a Ϫ0.07 reduction in TC for each 1-kg increase in birth weight; 95% CI, Ϫ0.09 to Ϫ0.04 mmol/L; PϽ0.001), whereas no association was observed in women. Adjustment for potential confounding factors, including current body size and menopausal status, did not alter the findings. Analysis by SD score showed that in men, a 1-SD decrease in body mass index lowered TC concentration Ϸ5-fold more than a 1-SD increase in birth weight. Conclusions-This is the largest study to investigate the association between birth weight and TC and suggests that the association may be dependent on sex. The absence of an association in women was not explained by menopausal status. The influence of fetal environment on adult TC is small compared with the influence of adult adiposity. (Circulation.

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Section: Birth Weight and Adult Tcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Birth Weight Is Associated With Higher Adult Total Cholesterol Concentration in Men

et al. 2004

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“…For example, several investigators have described age-related changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels, including increases in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) up to middle age. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Physical activity and moderate alcohol consumption are related to decreases in LDL-C and TC, and increases in HDL-C. [8][9][10] In women, the menopausal transition is strongly associated with increases in LDL-C and TC, and in some studies with changes in TG and HDL-C. 2,[11][12][13][14] The majority of these findings, however, are from analyses of cross-sectional data, or from data gathered in studies that had relatively short follow-up periods. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Adiposity is an important influence on adult lipid and lipoprotein profiles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Physical activity and moderate alcohol consumption are related to decreases in LDL-C and TC, and increases in HDL-C. [8][9][10] In women, the menopausal transition is strongly associated with increases in LDL-C and TC, and in some studies with changes in TG and HDL-C. 2,[11][12][13][14] The majority of these findings, however, are from analyses of cross-sectional data, or from data gathered in studies that had relatively short follow-up periods. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Adiposity is an important influence on adult lipid and lipoprotein profiles. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The body mass index (BMI) is often used as a proxy measure of adiposity and in adults BMI is positively related to LDL-C, TG and TC, and negatively related to HDL-C. 22 However, BMI is a composite of adipose and lean tissues, both of which can have distinct effects on lipid and lipoprotein levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipids, lipoproteins, lifestyle, adiposity and fat-free mass during middle age: the Fels Longitudinal Study

et al. 2005

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Introduction: Although lipid profiles tend to worsen with age, it is not fully known if such age-related changes are influenced primarily by body composition and lifestyle or by other aspects of aging. Objective: We investigated the extent to which the fat and fat-free components of body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle factors influence patterns of change in lipids independent of age. Design: Serial data were analyzed using sex-specific longitudinal models. These models use serial data from individuals to assume a general pattern of change over time, while allowing baseline age and the rate of change to vary among individuals. Subjects: Serial data were obtained from 940 examinations of 269 healthy white participants (126 men, 143 women), aged 40-60 years, in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Measurements: Measurements included age, the fat (FMI) and fat-free mass (FFMI) components of BMI, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), fasting glucose and insulin, physical activity, alcohol use and smoking, and women's menopausal status and estrogen use. Results: In both sexes, increased FMI was significantly associated with increased LDL-C, TG and TC, and decreased HDL-C. Increased FFMI was significantly related to decreased HDL-C and increased TG. Independent age effects remained significant only for LDL-C and TC in men and TC in women. Increased insulin was significantly related to increased TG in women. Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with higher HDL-C in men. Physical activity lowered male LDL-C and TC levels, and increased female HDL-C levels. Menopause was associated with increases in LDL-C. Premenopausal women not using estrogen had significantly lower HDL-C, TG, and TC than postmenopausal women taking estrogen. Conclusions: (1) Age is an important independent predictor for LDL-C and TC in men, and TC in women, but it is not as influential as body composition and lifestyle on HDL-C and TG in men and women, and LDL-C in women. (2) Increasing FMI is the major contributor to elevated TC, LDL-C and TG levels, and decreased HDL-C levels in men and women. (3) FFMI significantly influences HDL and TG levels in both sexes. (4) Maintaining a lower BMI via a reduced fat component may be more beneficial in lowering CVD risks than other factors.

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“…The results of various previous studies have been conflicting, some studies have shown that there is no difference in cardiovascular risk factors when comparing premenopausal with postmenopausal women [13,14]. Other studies showed that there is a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal women, which varies from 32.6% to 41.5% [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High waist circumference - A potential risk factor for premature metabolic syndrome in women irrespective of menopausal status

Chhabra¹

2014

Integr Mol Med

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Menopausal transition is associated with increasing abdominal obesity and the emergence of many features of the metabolic syndrome. The accumulation of fat in a central distribution (intra abdominal) has emerged as a cardiovascular risk factor independent of overall obesity. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and the components of metabolic syndrome in the north Indian rural and urban; pre and post menopausal women in the age range of 25-60 years. In a cross sectional study comprising of 200 subjects selected from the north Indian rural and urban population equally, 100 of the subjects were premenopausal in the age range of 25-40 years and an equal number of subjects were post menopausal in the age range of 45-60 years. Participants underwent demographic, anthropometric and biochemical measurements. The adult treatment panel 3 (ATP3) criteria was used to classify subjects as having metabolic syndrome. Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 15; SPSS, Chicago, IL). Numerical variables were expressed as means ± SD. 71% of post-menopausal subjects were having higher waist circumference (>88 cm), suggestive of abdominal obesity as compared to 56% of pre-menopausal counterparts. BMI (Body mass index) was in the normal range in both the study subjects. Higher numbers of post-menopausal (41% rural and 43% urban) subjects were having components of metabolic syndrome as compared to (20% rural and 27% urban) pre-menopausal subjects. The total prevalence of metabolic syndrome was also higher in post-menopausal subjects. Abdominal obesity correlates with metabolic risk factors independent of age or menopausal status Menopausal transition by increasing abdominal obesity heightens the risk of metabolic syndrome. Early interventions in the form of life style and dietary changes can lower the risk of metabolic syndrome both in pre and post menopausal subjects.

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Menopausal status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Cited by 115 publications

References 43 publications

Low Birth Weight Is Associated With Higher Adult Total Cholesterol Concentration in Men

Low Birth Weight Is Associated With Higher Adult Total Cholesterol Concentration in Men

Lipids, lipoproteins, lifestyle, adiposity and fat-free mass during middle age: the Fels Longitudinal Study

High waist circumference - A potential risk factor for premature metabolic syndrome in women irrespective of menopausal status

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