Twentieth-century Canadian and American Mennonites altered their image as a rural people as they moved to the cities and established or found work in businesses, a process that accelerated after the Second World War. Whereas in 1941, 87% of Canadian Mennonites were rural, by 1971 that figure had dropped to 56%. 1 This rural-to-urban transformation necessitated a re-examination of Mennonite religious beliefs. While there is no explicit and uniquely Mennonite theology of work, Mennonite attitudes toward labour have been shaped by religious understandings of Gelassenheit, nonresistance and agape. Shifts in emphasis among these three concepts reveal that in the last fifty years, Mennonites have confronted issues of social responsibility and questions of power in their theology, with implications for their response to labour issues.Gelassenheit often is translated from the German simply as "yieldedness" though it stands for a much more elaborate philosophy of thought, involving not merely the submission to God of individuals as is commonly preached by evangelical Christians, but also submission of the individual to the faith community. 2 Agape is a form of love that emphasizes one's relationship with and obligation to one's neighbours. Nonviolence at first was defined as pacifism but later came to be equated with nonviolent resistance. All three of these themes are connected closely to each other, and are interpreted in different ways by three central figures in twentieth-century Mennonite theological understanding: Guy F. Hershberger, J.