Meningococcal carriage within households in the African meningitis belt: A longitudinal pilot study

Basta, Nicole E.; Berthe, Abdoulaye; Keita, M. M.; Onwuchekwa, Uma; Tamboura, Boubou; Traoré, Awa; Hassan-King, Musa; Manigart, Olivier; Nascimento, Maria Cláudia; Stuart, James M.; Trotter, Caroline; Blake, Jayne; Carr, Anthony D.; Gray, Stephen J.; Newbold, Lynne S.; Deng, Yangqing; Wolfson, Julian; Halloran, M. Elizabeth; Greenwood, Brian; Borrow, Ray; Sow, Samba O.

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2017.11.006

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Twenty papers were identified which described meningococcal carriage surveys conducted in nine African meningitis belt countries and reported since 2007 [4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Sixteen of these surveys were conducted prior to the deployment of the group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVac â ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prevalence varied significantly among countries from 1.9% (95% CI: 1.6, 2.2) in Mali to 13.3% (95% CI: 12.5, 14.10) in Niger. Small numbers of other non-meningococcal Neisseria were isolated -Neisseria polysaccharea (290), Neisseria bergeri (113) and Neisseria subflava (24). Neisseria polysaccharea was found most frequently in Ethiopia whilst N. bergeri and N. subflava were isolated most frequently in Chad.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Narrative review of methods and findings of recent studies on the carriage of meningococci and other Neisseria species in the African Meningitis Belt

Greenwood

Aseffa

Caugant

et al. 2018

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective To review the findings of studies of pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and related species conducted in the African meningitis belt since a previous review published in 2007. Methods PubMed and Web of Science were searched in July 2018 using the terms ‘meningococcal OR Neisseria meningitidis OR lactamica AND carriage AND Africa’, with the search limited to papers published on or after 1st January 2007. We conducted a narrative review of these publications. Results One hundred and thirteen papers were identified using the search terms described above, 20 of which reported new data from surveys conducted in an African meningitis belt country. These papers described 40 surveys conducted before the introduction of the group A meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenAfriVacR) during which 66 707 pharyngeal swabs were obtained. Carriage prevalence of N. meningitidis varied substantially by time and place, ranging from <1% to 24%. The mean pharyngeal carriage prevalence of N. meningitidis across all surveys was 4.5% [95% CI: 3.4%, 6.8%] and that of capsulated N. meningitidis was 2.8% [95% CI: 1.9%; 5.2%]. A study of households provided strong evidence for meningococcal transmission within and outside households. The introduction of MenAfriVac® led to marked reductions in carriage of the serogroup A meningococcus in Burkina Faso and Chad. Conclusions Recent studies employing standardised methods confirm the findings of older studies that carriage of N. meningitidis in the African meningitis belt is highly variable over time and place, but generally occurs with a lower prevalence and shorter duration than reported from industrialised countries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Narrative review of methods and findings of recent studies on the carriage of meningococci and other Neisseria species in the African Meningitis Belt

Greenwood

Aseffa

Caugant

et al. 2018

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…The African meningitis belt is an area of increased risk of bacterial meningitis characterized by distinct seasonal patterns in disease incidence with peaks in the dry season. This region, which stretches from Ethiopia in the East to Senegal and the Gambia in the West, has suffered high morbidity and mortality due to bacterial meningitis for more than a century, though rates have declined in recent years [11].…”

Section: Asian Countries Reported the Different Magnitude Of Meningocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carriage Rate of Neisseria meningitidis, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia

Tefera¹,

Mekonnen

Tiruneh

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Invasive meningococcal disease has 70–80% mortality. Globally, 1.2 million estimated cases were reported with ~135,000 deaths annually. In African meningitis belt bacterial meningitis remains a serious threat to health accounting an estimated 500,000 cases of invasive meningococcal disease annually.In Ethiopia, specifically in our study area, limited information is found on the oropharyngeal carriage, antimicrobial resistance pattern and associated risk factors for N. meningitidis especially in school children. So, the aim of this study was to assess oropharyngeal carriage rate of N. meningitidis, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among primary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross sectional prospective study was conducted from January-April, 2019 among primary school children. Multi stage simple random sampling technique was used. A total of 524 oropharyngeal swabs were collected using sterile plastic cotton swabs. Modified Thayer Martin media was used for primary inoculation. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was done on Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood. Logistic regression model was used to see the association between dependent and independent variables. P ≤0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Results A total of 53(10.1%) (CI: 7.6-12.8) N. meningitidis isolates were identified. Serogroup A 13 (24.5%) was the most prevalent followed by Y/W135 11(20.7%) whereas serogroup B 4(7.6%) was the least identified. Meningococcal isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (45.3%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (73.6%). Overall, most of meningococcal isolates showed high level of multidrug resistance with the rate of 32(60.4%). Meningococcal carriage rate was associated with family size, tonsillectomy, passive smoking, number of students per class, sharing utensils, history of visiting healthcare institutions and indoor kitchen. Conclusion Neisseria meningitidis prevalence in the present study was high. Serogroup A and W135/Y was the most prevalent isolate. High multidrug resistance pattern was observed.

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“…facilitating the spread of infection through the bloodstream to the brain following a 3 to 7 day incubation period (Basta et al, 2018;Organization, 2018) 10 .…”

Section: The Meningitis Beltmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemic Effect: On the Politics and Economic Burden of Infectious Disease

2020

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Epidemics of infectious disease can have deleterious effects on economic development except mitigated through global health governance and domestic institutions. We investigate this hypothesis by examining the effects of sudden exposure to meningitis on economic outcomes using evidence from the meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa. Meningitis shocks reduce economic activity and child health outcomes in periods when the World Health Organization (WHO) does not declare an epidemic year. These effects are reversed when the WHO declares an epidemic year. A primary mechanism explaining the heterogeneity in results may be the influx of donor aid when the WHO declares an epidemic year. We document an increase in World Bank health aid projects approved during epidemic years. Areas that receive more health aid have more economic activity though health projects funded during epidemic years are rated relatively worse by independent evaluators. Domestic institutions influence resource distribution, with regions that are co-ethnic with the president having better outcomes than non-co-ethnic areas. The results are robust to extensive controls and using the timing of the Islamic Hajj to instrument for meningitis shocks. * Thanks to Nancy Qian and participants at the Southern Economics Association conference for useful comments and suggestions. Thanks to Sophie Danzig and Bertina Kudrin for excellent research assistance. The research benefited from conversations with World Bank employees, and we thank them for helpful comments as well. We are grateful to

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Meningococcal carriage within households in the African meningitis belt: A longitudinal pilot study

Cited by 20 publications

References 32 publications

Narrative review of methods and findings of recent studies on the carriage of meningococci and other Neisseria species in the African Meningitis Belt

Narrative review of methods and findings of recent studies on the carriage of meningococci and other Neisseria species in the African Meningitis Belt

Carriage Rate of Neisseria meningitidis, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Associated Risk Factors among Primary School Children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia

The Epidemic Effect: On the Politics and Economic Burden of Infectious Disease

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