Menaquinone composition of mycolic acid‐containing actinomycetes and some sporoactinomycetes

Collins, Matthew D.; Goodfellow, Michael; Minnikin, David E.; Alderson, Grace

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1985.tb01431.x

Cited by 85 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…thesis) and therefore is designated the type strain of Amycolata alni. Three other strains (strains VKM Ac-759, VKM Ac-1066, and VKM Ac-813 [a variant of strain VKM Ac-10661) have been stored in culture collections for a long time, and strain VKM Ac-1066 (= NCIB 8939) is rather well studied (5,14,15,24). Below is a description of the new species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Species of Actinomycete, Amycolata alni

Evtushenko

Акимов

Dobritsa

et al. 1989

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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A new species of the genus Amycoluta, Amycolata alni, is proposed for strains which were mostly isolated from root nodules and rhizospheres of alder trees and were formerly assigned to the species Amycoluta uutotrophicu. Strains of this new species could be differentiated from representatives of A. uutotrophica by deoxyribonucleic acid homology data (17 to 29% relatedness), as well as by their ability to grow on salicin and D-gluconate, their failure to produce acid from cellobiose and meso-inositol, their resistance to penicillin and carbenicillin (10 pg/ml), and other characteristics. Phenotypic features and low levels of deoxyribonucleic acid homology distinguish A. alni from two other species of the genus Amycolatu, Amycoluta suturneu and Amycolata hydrocuibonoxydans. The type strain of A. alni is strain 3LS (= VKM Ac-901).Eleven phenotypically similar nocardioform actinomycetes having a type IV cell wall composition and lacking mycolic acids were isolated from nitrogen-fixing root nodules and rhizospheres of two alder species, Alnus glutinosa and Alnus incana (29; L. S. Sharaya, Diss. C. Sci. thesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Pushchino, USSR, 1985). According to the identification keys and species descriptions that were available at that time (3,14,15), these isolates were assigned to the species Nocardia autotrophica (20; Y. B. Malishkaite, Diss. C. Sci. thesis, University of Moscow, Moscow, USSR, 1984). Recently, N . autotrophica was included as the type species in the genus Amycolata, which was proposed, along with the genus Amycolatopsis, to accommodate nocardioform actinomycetes having cell wall chemotype IV and lacking mycolic acids (19). Besides the type strain, strain ATCC 19727, the description of Amycolata autotrophica included 28 strains of various origins assigned to N . autotrophica by Gordon et al. (14). Many physiological characteristics exhibited by these 28 strains are variable or different from those of the type strain (19), thus indicating that the species Amycolata autotrophica may be a heterogeneous taxon.Variations in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) guanine-pluscytosine (G+C) ratios (60 to 72 mol%) and DNA homology values (37 to 67%) (24) among five strains from the group studied by Gordon et al. (14) have shown that strains of different genospecies may have been placed in Amycolata autotrophica primarily on the basis of physiological criteria.Recently , genetic heterogeneity among strains assigned to Amycolata autotrophica, including the strains from alder associations, was demonstrated by restriction fragment analysis of total genomic DNAs (10). These data showed that the alder isolates are distantly related to the type strain of Amycolata autotrophica.Because of the obvious differences in genome structure among strains of the same species, as well as the abovementioned physiological variations, we compared strains assigned to Am.ycolata autotrophica more extensively. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization data and chemotaxonomic and physiological charac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Species of Actinomycete, Amycolata alni

Evtushenko

Акимов

Dobritsa

et al. 1989

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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“…McNEIL AND BROWN (Table 1). Currently, the chemotaxonomic criteria used to assign bacteria to the genus Nocardia include the presence of the meso isomer of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and whole-cell sugars, arabinose and galactose (cell wall type IV) (331); intermediate-chain mycolic acids (46 to 60 carbons) (11,88,89,201,203,335); a fatty acid profile showing major amounts of straight-chain, unsaturated, and tuberculostearic acids (336); and the presence of a menaquinone fraction containing a tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with eight isoprene units as the predominant isoprenoic quinone (119,649,650). Tests that have established the heterogeneity of N. asteroides include numerical taxonomy (48,394,431,600), mycolic acid analysis by gas chromatography (651), DNA relatedness (651), and antimicrobial resistance patterns (625).…”

Section: Nocardia Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining Rhodococcus spp. contain shorter-chain mycolic acids (C34 to C52) and a dihydrogenated menaquinone with eight isoprene units as the major isoprenoic quinone (119,239). Of interest, it was recently shown that Rhodococcus chubuensis, listed as a species incertae sedis in Bergey's Manual ofSystematic Bacteriology (198), contains a mycolic acid pattern similar to that of G. bronchialis (134).…”

Section: Pathogenicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology

1994

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The aerobic actinomycetes are soil-inhabiting microorganisms that occur worldwide. In 1888, Nocard first recognized the pathogenic potential of this group of microorganisms. Since then, several aerobic actinomycetes have been a major source of interest for the commercial drug industry and have proved to be extremely useful microorganisms for producing novel antimicrobial agents. They have also been well known as potential veterinary pathogens affecting many different animal species. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes may cause significant morbidity and mortality, in particular in highly susceptible severely immunocompromised patients, including transplant recipients and patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. However, the diagnosis of these infections may be difficult, and effective antimicrobial therapy may be complicated by antimicrobial resistance. The taxonomy of these microorganisms has been problematic. In recent revisions of their classification, new pathogenic species have been recognized. The development of additional and more reliable diagnostic tests and of a standardized method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and the application of molecular techniques for the diagnosis and subtyping of these microorganisms are needed to better diagnose and treat infected patients and to identify effective control measures for these unusual pathogens. We review the epidemiology and microbiology of the major medically important aerobic actinomycetes.

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confidence: 93%

“…This can be used as a classifying marker (8). The menaquinone compositions of Nocardia species (except Nocardia amarae) (21) are different from the menaquinone compositions of Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium (4, 7,10,11,43).Rhodococci undergo rod-to-coccus variation during the growth cycle (23,27). This kind of morphological variation does not occur in the true corynebacteria (23, 27).…”

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confidence: 99%

Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus sp. nov., a Chlorophenol-Mineralizing Actinomycete

Apajalahti

Kärpänoja

Salkinoja‐Salonen

1986

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

101

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Strain PCP-I, which was isolated from a pentachlorophenol-mineralizing mixed culture, had the following characteristics of the actinomycetes assigned to the genus Rhodococcus: DL-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose as cell wall constituents; major menaquinone with nine isoprenoid units and one hydrogenated double bond (MK-9Hz); mycolic acids containing 33 to 43 carbon atoms; and a marked rod-to-coccus cycle during growth. None of the previously described species of Rhodococcus contains both MK-9H2 and mycolic acids of this size, and, unlike other rhodococci, strain PCP-I utilizes rhamnose, inositol, and sorbitol. Based on these properties, we believe that strain PCP-I represents a new Rhodococcus species. We propose the name Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus for this new species because of its ability to degrade several chlorophenols. The type strain is strain PCP-I (= DSM 43826).The classification of actinomycetes containing mycolic acids was unsatisfactory prior to the use of chemical characteristics as taxonomic markers. Chemotaxonomy has provided a new framework for the classification of these organisms, and simple methods have been developed for routine analysis (18,35).Cell wall analysis is a useful tool in distinguishing members of the genera Corynebacterium, Caseobacter, Rhodococcus, Nocardia, and Mycobacterium from other actinomycetes. In representatives of these genera the cell walls contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose, and galactose (12,25,26), as well as mycolic acids (long-chain 2-alkyl-branched 3-hydroxy acids). In mycobacteria, mycolic acids are large and complex and are not extractable in ethanol-diethyl ether (22). Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, and Nocardia species contain smaller and easily extractable (free) mycolic acids (22,29,33).In different bacterial species menaquinones (2-methyl-3-polyprenyl-1,4-naphthoquinones) vary in the number of isoprenoid units and in the degree of hydrogenation. This can be used as a classifying marker (8). The menaquinone compositions of Nocardia species (except Nocardia amarae) (21) are different from the menaquinone compositions of Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium (4, 7,10,11,43).Rhodococci undergo rod-to-coccus variation during the growth cycle (23,27). This kind of morphological variation does not occur in the true corynebacteria (23, 27). In contrast, norcardiae form mycelia which fragment, whereas mycobacteria usually form curved or straight rods which occasionally branch (18). However, because of dissimilarities in cultural conditions, the morphological studies described in the literature are seldom comparable.In this paper we describe a novel mycolic acid-containing actinomycete. The type and only strain, strain PCP-I, mineralizes pentachlorophenol and degrades many other chlorophenols as well (Apajalahti and Salkinoja-Salonen, submitted for publication). MATERIALS AND METHODSCultures. The strains which we used are listed in Table 1. The original isolate, strain PCP-I, was obtained from a * Corresponding author.pentachlorophen...

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Menaquinone composition of mycolic acid‐containing actinomycetes and some sporoactinomycetes

Cited by 85 publications

References 27 publications

A New Species of Actinomycete, Amycolata alni

A New Species of Actinomycete, Amycolata alni

The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology

Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus sp. nov., a Chlorophenol-Mineralizing Actinomycete

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