Men who have sex with men: stigma and discrimination

National HIV Care Continua for Key Populations

“…25 Stigma, discrimination, violence, and criminalization of same-sex relations, sex work, and drug use often disrupt access to and retention in HIV services, leading to suboptimal outcomes along the continua. [27][28][29] Also, besides the 33 countries that recommend ''test and treat'' for all PLHIV in line with the World Health Organization 2015 guidelines, 30 only 10 other countries have specifically recommended fast-tracking key populations for immediate ART irrespective of CD4 count. 31 The countries that have continua for key populations use different methods to calculate the outcomes along the continua.…”

Anti-Homosexual Legislation and HIV-Related Stigma in African Nations: What Has Been the Role of PEPFAR?

“…Janet Museveni has expressed similar views in her role as a member of parliament [57]. The irony is that while many Western nations are now shedding their antigay laws through legislation and judicial pronouncements, scholars trace hostility towards homosexuality and transgender people in Africa to the influence of northern-hemisphere Christian missionaries [58][59][60], including modern-day missionaries [61,62]. Pre-colonial African cultures were often much more tolerant of sexuality and gender diversity [14].…”

NGOs and Political Change: A History of the Australian Council for International Development

“…The other key issue not being addressed by ACFID or most of its members is that of same-sex relationships and gender minorities, and the discrimination issues they face (Kilby and Crawford 2011). In the 2010s there has been a sharp rise in many developing countries' national legislation circumscribing samesex relationships, and often with draconian penalties (Saiz 2004;Altman et al 2012). While there has been progress on some gender issues within ACFID, such as gender-based violence, and a more strategic approach to women's rights, there remains a long way to go for ACFID to pick up the human rights and development issue of same-sex and gender minorities.…”