Memory storage and aging.

Schonfield, David; Robertson, Betty A.

doi:10.1037/h0082941

Cited by 232 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…An important implication of the present results has to do with claims sometimes made that recognition "does not require retrieval" (Schonfield & Robertson, 1966) or that "recognition eliminates the search or retrieval problem" (Murdock, in press). If recognition performance depends not only on the amount and organization of information in the memory store, but also on the number and nature of retrieval cues present at the time of the recognition test-as the present data clearly indicate it does-then it becomes as necessary for students of memory to worry about retrieval problems in recognition tests as it is necessary in situations when memory is tested with different kinds of recall tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

When is recall higher than recognition?

Tulving

1968

Psychon Sci

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

When is recall higher than recognition?

Tulving

1968

Psychon Sci

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“…Familiarity based processes are considered sufficient to complete an item test whereas associative tests are more reliant on recollection based processes (Healy, Light, & Chung, 2005;Old & Naveh-Benjamin, 2008). 2 This could explain why age deficits are often smaller for item tests than for associative tests because age deficits are typically smaller for recognition (familiarity based memory) than for recall (recollection based memory) (e.g., Craik & McDowd, 1987;Light, Prull, La Voie, & Healy, 2000;Naveh-Benjamin, 2000;Schonfield & Robertson, 1966). It may be the case that the nonwords condition of the current experiment differs from the words condition in terms of its relative reliance on familiarity vs. recollective processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related associative deficits are absent with nonwords.

Badham¹,

Maylor²

2011

Psychology and Aging

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Words and nonwords were used as stimuli to assess item and associative recognition memory performance in young and older adults. Participants were presented with pairs of items and then tested on both item memory (old/new items) and associative memory (intact/recombined pairs).For words, older participants performed worse than young on item and associative tests but to a greater extent on the latter. In contrast, for nonwords, older participants performed equally worse than young on item and associative tests. This is the first study to demonstrate that a manipulation of stimulus novelty can alter age-related associative deficits.

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“…The knowledge of relations between the words of integrative and semantic pairs during recall may have helped to narrow the search in memory for the corresponding target. It is well established in the literature that recognition tests yield smaller age differences than recall tests as there is greater environmental support during retrieval (e.g., Craik & McDowd, 1987;Light, Prull, La Voie, & Healy, 2000;Naveh-Benjamin, 2000;Schonfield & Robertson, 1966).…”

Section: Running Head: Integrative Vs Semantic Relations 24mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrative and semantic relations equally alleviate age-related associative memory deficits.

Badham

Estes

Maylor

2012

Psychology and Aging

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Two experiments compared effects of integrative and semantic relations between pairs of words on lexical and memory processes in old age. Integrative relations occur when two dissimilar and unassociated words are linked together to form a coherent phrase (e.g., horse-doctor). In Experiment 1, older adults completed a lexical decision task where prime and target words were related either integratively or semantically. The two types of relation both facilitated responses compared to a baseline condition, demonstrating that priming can occur in older adults with minimal preexisting associations between primes and targets. In Experiment 2, young and older adults completed a cued recall task with integrative, semantic and unrelated word pairs. Both integrative and semantic pairs showed significantly smaller age differences in associative memory compared to unrelated pairs. Integrative relations facilitated older adults" memory to a similar extent as semantic relations despite having few preexisting associations in memory.Integratability of stimuli is therefore a new factor that reduces associative deficits in older adults, most likely by supporting encoding and retrieval mechanisms. showing greater age-related differences than others (e.g., Zacks, Hasher, & Li, 2000). In particular, episodic and contextual memory tend to exhibit larger age differences than content or item memory (Spencer & Raz, 1995). Naveh-Benjamin (2000) thus proposed an associative deficit hypothesis whereby older adults show specific deficits in forming associations between items. Naveh-Benjamin presented for study several pairs of unrelated words and then tested young and older adults" item memory (i.e., recognizing studied vs. new words) and their associative memory (i.e., recognizing intact vs. rearranged pairs). Older adults showed greater age deficits for associative memory than for item memory. A recent meta-analysis demonstrated that many studies have shown similar results (Old & Naveh-Benjamin, 2008).Research into age-related associative deficits has attempted to establish factors that can alleviate this memory deficit. One such factor is the semantic relatedness between to-beassociated items. Items are semantically related if they belong in the same category, such as shirt and sock, or are otherwise featurally similar, such as apple and ball. Naveh-Benjamin (2000, Exp. 4), Naveh-Benjamin, Hussain, Guez, and Bar-On (2003, Exp. 2) and Naveh-Benjamin, Craik, Guez, and Kreuger (2005 showed a reduction in age differences for associative memory with semantically related word pairs (e.g., shirt and sock) compared to unrelated word pairs (e.g., shirt and apple). Therefore, older adults are able to use semantic relations to enhance their associative memory performance relative to young adults. This finding suggests that older adults" associative memory deficit may be specific to new associations; older adults" memory for preexisting associations appears to be relatively unimpaired. Indeed, MacKay and Burke (1990) and Naveh-Benjamin an...

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Memory storage and aging.

Cited by 232 publications

References 12 publications

When is recall higher than recognition?

When is recall higher than recognition?

Age-related associative deficits are absent with nonwords.

Integrative and semantic relations equally alleviate age-related associative memory deficits.

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