Memory in three-dimensional cyclically driven granular material

Turbulent-like velocity fluctuations in two-dimensional granular materials subject to cyclic shear

“…25–30 This comparison suggests that the frictional nature of particles in our system must be the key for the irreversibility, which is also consistent with the observation in the three-dimensional experiments. 31,32 However, the absence of reversibility here does not preclude the elusive yielding transition. 24,28,30,33–37 Different protocols other than oscillatory shear may be used: for example, using rheological protocol Otsuki et al observed the yielding transition in the frictional granular packings 38 whereas using oscillatory shear, they did not observe a clear distinction in the store and loss moduli.…”